“…Melanocytes contain melanosomes, and melanosomes are lysosome‐related organelles in which melanins are synthesized and stored (Hurbain et al., ). Melanin has many functions, such as strengthening the body structure (Rosas & Casadevall, ), resistance to radiation, ageing and oxidation (Geng et al., ; Kollias, Saye, Zeise & Chedekel, ; Liu et al., ; Menter, Patta, Hollins, Moore & Willis, ; Sava, Hung, Golkin, Hong & Huang, ; Wu, Shan, Yang & Ma, ), enhancing immunity (Manning, Bundred & Henzi, ; Sava, Hung, Golkin, Hong & Huang, ), and chelating toxic metals (Gadd & Derome, ). The carotenoid pigment astaxanthin has important applications in the nutraceutical, cosmetics, food and animal feed industries.…”