“…RPIs may lose commercial value when chemical or biochemical modifications likely generate undesirable substances, such as bitter hydrolysates (Lamsal, Reitmeier, Murphy, & Johnson, 2006), with uncertain effects on the human body. Various physical approaches, such as microfluidization (Xia, Wang, Gong, et al, 2012), hydrothermal cooking , freeze-thaw, sonication, high-speed blending, and high pressure (Tang, Hettiarachchy, & Shellhammer, 2002), have been investigated. However, the effects of these treatments on the solubilization of RPIs are unsatisfactory.…”