Characterization and Photodegradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Car Seat Fabrics from End-of-Life Vehicles

Khaled, Amina; Richard, Claire; Redin, Lisa; Niinipuu, Mirva; Jansson, Stina; Jaber, Farouk; Sleiman, Mohamad

doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04668

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Surprisingly, these values are much higher than those found in THF. In a previous study, we have shown that BDE-209 exhibits very high photoreactivity in PS compared to other polymers such as PET and cellulose (Khaled et al, 2018). While the reasons for this high photoreactivity in PS are not clear, several assumptions can be postulated:…”

Section: Quantum Yields Of Photodegradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-a higher hydrogen donor capacity of PS which can promote debromination and thus accelerate photodegradation (Kajiwara et al, 2008;Khaled et al, 2018). This can be explained by the lower C-H bond dissociation energy in PS or Ar-C-H (386 kJ/mol) than in THF (410 kJ/mol) (Agapito et al, 2005).…”

Section: Quantum Yields Of Photodegradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is of great significance since TBBPA and its NBFRs derivatives are incorporated in plastics, and absorb solar radiation (>290 nm) which can induce their degradation during use, recycling in landfills or in microplastics contaminating rivers and oceans (Ballesteros-Gómez et al, 2017). As an example, we have recently demonstrated that BDE-209 can undergo photodegradation in car seat fabrics collected from end of life vehicles, leading to the formation of dibenzofurans and dioxins as well as leachates to air and water (Khaled et al, 2018). In this study, our aim was to investigate the photoreactivity of TBBPA and two of its NBFR derivatives (TBBPA-DBPE and TBBPA-BAE) illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photodegradation of brominated flame retardants in polystyrene: Quantum yields, products and influencing factors

et al. 2018

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Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are widely used as additives in plastics, textiles and electronics materials. Here, we investigated the photodegradation of four BFRs including decabromobiphenylether (BDE-209), tetrabromobipsphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) and tetrabromobisphenol A bis (allyl) ether (TBBPA-BAE). Experiments were carried out in polystyrene (PS) films using monochromatic and polychromatic irradiations. For comparison, irradiations were also carried in a solvent (tetrahydrofuran: THF). Monitoring of BFR degradation was performed using bulk and surface infrared (IR) measurements, as well as by extraction and HPLC-UV. Photoproducts were characterized using HPLC-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS). All four BFRs underwent photochemical transformation in THF at 290 nm with a quantum yield (Φ) ranging from 0.05 for TBBPA to 0.27 for BDE-209, indicating an increase of photoreactivity with the number of Br atoms in BFRs. On the other hand, no major difference in the Φ values was observed when BFRs were embedded in PS films (Φ: 0.82-0.89). The higher photoreactivity in PS appears to be associated with a fast oxidation of PS as revealed by infrared (IR) analysis and yellowing of the films. Interestingly, the faster the yellowing occurred, the faster the BFR degradation was inhibited due to light screening effect. Several major photoproducts were identified for TBBPA and TBBPA-DBPE. Additional photoproducts possibly arising from PS oxidation and bromination by Br were observed for the first time. This work provides a better understanding of the reactivity and fate of BFRs in polymers allowing for a better assessment of their environmental impacts.

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Section: Quantum Yields Of Photodegradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantum Yields Of Photodegradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photodegradation of brominated flame retardants in polystyrene: Quantum yields, products and influencing factors

et al. 2018

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“…After the 10, 20 and 30 days, the HCHO pollution decrease by 34.1%, 56.9% and 73.6%, respectively. For the HCHO and VOCs pollution mainly comes from cabin indoor materials including leather trims, organic solvents, paints, adhesives and so on [11][12][13]25 . In contrast with old vehicles, new vehicles have the newer materials with the stronger HCHO emissions, which lead to the higher HCHO pollution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air formaldehyde (HCHO) pollution of urban coach cabins

Qin

Guo

Zhou

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Urban coach cabin is an important indoor environment for long journey, formaldehyde (HcHo) is a carcinogenic gas and damages indoor air quality of cabins. in order to control the HcHo pollution, the air samples inside cabins were analysed with a thermally desorbed gas chromatograph, and the HcHo diffusion was simulated with a methodology of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results show that through the experimental monitoring, the HCHO pollution level range from 33.6 to 142.3 μg/m 3 , decrease quickly with time, and the attenuation trendline is univariate cubic equation. through the cfD simulation, the indoor temperature and HcHo level of cabin front and rear ends are higher than ones of other areas for the insufficient air supply and the unreasonable arrangement of air exhaust outlet. Moreover, through the cfD simulation, the HcHo level decreases with height growth of breathing zone and increasing air supply speed, and fresh air lead to diffusion of HCHO pollution from cabin seat area to the surrounding area. through the cfD simulation, the HcHo pollution under the wind speeds of 3~5 m/s is higher than the HCHO limit level from indoor air standard of China vehicles, which shows that the HcHo emission of cabin seat has an important impact on airborne HcHo pollution inside vehicle cabins. According to the year 2017 statistic bulletin of traffic industry development from the Transportation Ministry of China, the total of urban vehicles was 3.1 × 10 8 and the annual capacity of passengers transported by the vehicles was 7.2 × 10 11. For people often go working, shopping, traveling, school, home and lengthy commutes by driving or taking a vehicle such as a car, taxi, bus or coach, vehicle cabins have been recognized as important indoor environment, which result into indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort of vehicle cabins to be a hot research 1-8. However, vehicle cabins have presented airborne formaldehyde (HCHO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution, which damage vehicle IAQ 9-15. For example, more than 260 VOCs 16 were detected in the vehicle cabins and the maximum level of total VOCs was 6.90 mg/m 3. Moreover, the HCHO pollution was relatively abundant in the coach cabins, and the HCHO highest level of 0.16 mg/m 3 was observed on the 15th day after coming off the assembly line 11. Except to pollute vehicle IAQ, the HCHO and VOCs pollution lead to the unacceptable health risks to passengers and drivers 17-19. In order to decrease the health risks, China government promulgated the hygienic standard for air quality inside long distance coach (GB/T 17729-2009) and the guideline for air quality assessment of passenger car (GB/T 27630-2011), with the HCHO limit levels of 0.12 and 0.10 mg/m 3 respectively. However, the average/maximal HCHO levels in car cabins were 132.0/251.6 μg/m 3 , which were 1.10/2.10 and 1.32/2.52 times more than the HCHO limit levels of IAQ standards on China coaches (GB/T 17729-2009) and passenger cars (GB/T 27630-2011) respectively 20. The HCHO average level in taxi cabins wa...

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“…The possible intermediates that were measured included lower brominated products, hydroxylated BDEs, bromophenols, brominated and hydroxylated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) and dioxins (PBDDs). An accelerated degradation might be explained by the H-donor capacity of water which can promote debromination as well as hydroxylation [20]. Thus, a significant number of electrons was required for the sequential reductive reactions of BDE-209 by photolysis in a sorbent/water system.…”

Section: Influence Of Uv Irradiation On Bde-209 Degradation In a Claymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a Sequential UV Photolysis-Biodegradation Process for Treatment of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sorbent/Water Systems

et al. 2020

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Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a primary component of the brominated flame retardants used in a variety of industrial and domestic applications. BDE-209 bioaccumulates in aquatic organisms and has been identified as an emerging contaminant that threatens human and ecosystem health. Sequential photolysis-microbial biodegradation processes were utilized here to treat BDE-209 in clay- or soil-water slurries. The removal efficiency of BDE-209 in the clay-water slurries was high; i.e., 96.5%, while that in the soil-water slurries was minimal. In the clay-water slurries the first order rate constants for the UV photolysis and biodegradation of BDE-209 were 0.017 1/day and 0.026 1/day, respectively. UV wavelength and intensity strongly influenced the BDE-209 photolysis and the subsequent biodegradation of photolytic products. Facultative chemotrophic bacteria, including Acidovorax spp., Pseudomonas spp., Novosphingobium spp. and Sphingomonas spp., were the dominant members of the bacterial community (about 71%) at the beginning of the biodegradation; many of these organisms have previously been shown to biodegrade BDE-209 and other polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. The Achromobacter sp. that were isolated (NH-2; NH-4; NH-6) were especially effective during the BDE-209 degradation. These results indicated the effectiveness of the sequential UV photolysis and biodegradation for treating certain BDE-209-contaminated solids; e.g., clays; in bioreactors containing such solids as aqueous slurries. Achieving a similar treatment effectiveness for more heterogeneous solids containing natural organic matter, e.g., surface solids, appears to be significantly more difficult. Further investigations are needed in order to understand the great difference between the clay-water or soil-water slurries.

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Characterization and Photodegradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Car Seat Fabrics from End-of-Life Vehicles

Cited by 33 publications

References 47 publications

Photodegradation of brominated flame retardants in polystyrene: Quantum yields, products and influencing factors

Photodegradation of brominated flame retardants in polystyrene: Quantum yields, products and influencing factors

Indoor air formaldehyde (HCHO) pollution of urban coach cabins

Characterization of a Sequential UV Photolysis-Biodegradation Process for Treatment of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sorbent/Water Systems

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