Characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall and winter of 2003 in Xi'an, China

Cao, Junji; Chow, Judith C.; Lee, S. C.; Li, Y.; Chen, S. W.; An, Zhisheng; Fung, Kochy; Watson, John G.; Zhu, Chongshu; Liu, S. X.

doi:10.5194/acp-5-3127-2005

Cited by 551 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…EC and OC in PM 2.5 samples were measured with the use of a DRI Model 2001 Carbon Analyzer following the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) protocol (Cao et al, , 2005Chow et al, 2007). Briefly, a 0.526 cm 2 aliquot of a sample filter was placed in a quartz boat inside the analyzer and heated in a stepwise manner to temperatures of 120 • C (OC1), 250 • C (OC2), 450 • C (OC3), and 550 • C (OC4) in a non-oxidizing helium atmosphere, and 550 • C (EC1), 700 • C (EC2), and 800 • C (EC3) in an oxidizing atmosphere of 2% oxygen in helium.…”

Section: Measurements Of Elemental Carbon (Ec) and Organic Carbon (Oc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular distribution and seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from Beijing during 2006

Cao

et al. 2013

Particuology

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a b s t r a c tNormal (n)-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM 2.5 were collected from Beijing in 2006 and analyzed using a thermal desorption-GC/MS technique. Annual average concentrations of n-alkanes and PAHs were 282 ± 96 and 125 ± 150 ng/m 3 , respectively: both were highest in winter and lowest in summer. C 19 -C 25 compounds dominated the n-alkanes while benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, and phenanthrene were the most abundant PAHs. The n-alkanes exhibited moderate correlations with organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) throughout the year, but the relationships between the PAHs, OC and EC differed between the heating and non-heating seasons. The health risks associated with PAHs in winter were more than 40 times those in spring and summer even though the PM 2.5 loadings were comparable. Carbon preference index values (<1.5) indicated that the n-alkanes were mostly from fossil fuel combustion. The ratios of indeno [123-cd]pyrene to benzo[ghi]pyrelene in summer and spring were 0.58 ± 0.12 and 0.63 ± 0.09, respectively, suggesting that the PAHs mainly originated from motor vehicles, but higher ratios in winter reflected an increased influence from coal, which is extensively burned for domestic heating. A comprehensive comparison showed that PAH pollution in Beijing has decreased in the past 10 years.

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Section: Measurements Of Elemental Carbon (Ec) and Organic Carbon (Oc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular distribution and seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from Beijing during 2006

Cao

et al. 2013

Particuology

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“…In many cases, dust was observed in cyclonic disturbances with weak fronts or without fronts (Cao et al, 2003;Nie et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2013). Cold fronts could not be confirmed clearly at places of dust arrival in those studies.…”

Section: Intercomparisons and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The reason is that, in addition to road dust and construction dust, coal burning is a major source of mineral components in aerosols in China and emits particulate matter that is abundant in mineral elements such as Si, Al, Ca and Fe (Chen et al, 2012). Coal burning emissions have been proven to cause significant air pollution in China (Cao et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2015;H. Wang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Intercomparisons and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies reported substantial sulfate and nitrate on the surface of Asian dust particles after the particles were transported over long distances in the atmosphere (Cao et al, 2003;Huang et al, 2010;Li and Shao, 2009;Mori, 2003;Nie et al, 2012;Nishikawa et al, 1991;Qi et al, 2006;Ro et al, 2005;Sun et al, 2010Sun et al, , 2004Wu and Okada, 1994;Zhao et al, 2011). In contrast, an early study of Zhang and Iwasaka (1999) found that sulfate and nitrate were rarely formed on Asian dust particles that had been transported over a long distance in inland China after about 2 days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Limited production of sulfate and nitrate on front-associated dust storm particles moving from desert to distant populated areas in northwestern China

Zhang

Cao

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Sulfate and nitrate compounds can greatly increase the hygroscopicity of mineral particles in the atmosphere and consequently alter the particles' physical and chemical properties. Their uptake on long-distance-transported Asian dust particles within mainland China has been reported to be substantial in previous studies, but the production was very inefficient in other studies. We compared these two salts in particles collected from a synoptic-scale, mid-latitude, cycloneinduced dust storm plume at the Tengger Desert (38.79 • N, 105.38 • E) and in particles collected in a postfrontal dust plume at an urban site in Xi'an (34.22 • N, 108.87 • E) when a front-associated dust storm from the Tengger Desert arrived there approximately 700 km downwind. The results showed that the sulfate concentration was not considerably different at the two sites, while the nitrate concentration was slightly larger at the urban site than that at the desert site. The estimated nitrate production rate was 4-5 ng µg −1 of mineral dust per day, which was much less than that in polluted urban air. The adiabatic process of the dust-loading air was suggested to be the reason for the absence of sulfate formation, and the uptake of background HNO 3 was suggested to be the reason for the small nitrate production. According to our investigation of the published literature, the significant sulfate and nitrate in dust-storm-associated samples within the continental atmosphere reported in previous studies cannot be confirmed as actually produced on desert dust particles; the contribution from locally emitted and urban mineral particles or from soil-derived sulfate was likely substantial because the weather conditions in those studies indicated that the collection of the samples was started before dust arrival, or the air from which the samples were collected was a mixture of desert dust and locally emitted mineral particles. These results suggest that the production of nitrate and sulfate on dust particles following cold fronts is likely limited when the particles move from the desert to populated areas within the continent. For an accurate quantification of sulfate and nitrate formed on long-distance-transported desert dust particles at downwind populated areas in eastern China, dust collection efforts are indispensable to minimize any possible influence by locally emitted particles or at least to ensure that the samples are collected after dust arrival.

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“…2), which mainly comes from gasoline (signature of EC1), diesel (Signature of EC2 and EC3) and coal combustions (Signature of OC2). Principal component analysis (PCA) had been applied for source analysis in many studies (Cao et al 2005. In order to obtain reliable estimates of the different sources contributing to the fine mass measured at Amin Bazar site, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to identify major elements associated with sources.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosols During Winter Months in the Dhaka City

Begum

Roy

Islam

et al. 2012

J Bangladesh Acad Sci

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Air particulate matter samples were collected using Air Metrics samplers from 11 -17 January and 19 -27 January, 2012 at Amin Bazar and Farm Gate sites, respectively. The sampling time was from 8 a.m. -4 p.m. Three samplers were used of which two samplers were for PM 2.5 samples, using Teflon and quartz filters and the others for PM 10 samples using Teflon filter. Organic and elemental carbons (OC and EC) were measured in PM 2.5 samples at both sites. It has been found that the EC concentration at Amin Bazar is higher than in Farm Gate. The contribution of EC may come from diesel, gasoline and coal/wood combustions in the Amin Bazar site. The present OC/EC data were compared with the previous data. It was found that the concentration of EC became higher than those in the previous year. During last couple of years, Government implemented different policies specially in case of motor vehicles to improve the air quality. But due to the use of diesel in quick rental power plants, the air quality start to deteriorate. BC plays an important role to change the climate. Hence, government should think of alternatives to meet the power demand in place of diesel.

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Characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall and winter of 2003 in Xi'an, China

Cited by 551 publications

References 52 publications

Molecular distribution and seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from Beijing during 2006

Molecular distribution and seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from Beijing during 2006

Limited production of sulfate and nitrate on front-associated dust storm particles moving from desert to distant populated areas in northwestern China

Source Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosols During Winter Months in the Dhaka City

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