Characterization, formation and development of scales on L80 steel tube resulting from seawater injection treatment

Ex‐Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Diffraction Study of Co2 Corrosion‐Induced Surface Scales Developed in Low‐Alloy Steel with Different Initial Microstructure

“…When a critical Clion concentration is reached, the FeOOH phase transforms to akaganeite. FeOOH, being a strong reducing agent, also promotes the corrosion process and further stimulates the formation of akaganeite in the presence of a high Clion concentration [53]. During the akagenite formation, the scale is not protective and hence material still undergoes dissolution.…”

Offshore Decommissioning Horizon Scan: Research Priorities to Support Decision-Making Activities for Oil and Gas Infrastructure

“…During the life of subsea infrastructure (including well tubulars, seabed manifolds, rigid and flexible flowlines, and gas-export pipelines), contaminants may form as scales or films on the inside surfaces of this infrastructure (Schmidt, 2000;Yang et al, 2020;Koppel et al, 2022). Flowline scales dominated by barite (BaSO 4 ) and calcite (CaSO 4 ) may contain NORM radionuclides of the 238 U and 232 Th decay series, predominantly 226 Ra and 228 Ra respectively, which may co-precipitate with barite and calcite.…”

Threshold Values for the Protection of Marine Ecosystems from Norm in Subsea Oil and Gas Infrastructure

“…Contamination products are comprised of only their head of chain when oil and gas extraction has stopped. This assumption is used as a simplification as contamination products form to varying extents throughout the operational life of the oil and gas system (Yang et al, 2020). 2.…”