Characterization of 27 Mycotoxin Binders and the Relation with in Vitro Zearalenone Adsorption at a Single Concentration

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize 27 feed additives marketed as mycotoxin binders and to screen them for their in vitro zearalenone (ZEN) adsorption. Firstly, 27 mycotoxin binders, commercially available in Belgium and The Netherlands, were selected and characterized. Characterization was comprised of X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiling of the mineral content and d-spacing, determination of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable base cations, acidity, mineral fraction, relative humidity (RH) and swelling volume. Secondly, an in vitro screening experiment was performed to evaluate the adsorption of a single concentration of ZEN in a ZEN:binder ratio of 1:20,000. The free concentration of ZEN was measured after 4 h of incubation with each of the 27 mycotoxin binders at a pH of 2.5, 6.5 and 8.0. A significant correlation between the free concentration of ZEN and both the d-spacing and mineral fraction of the mycotoxin binders was seen at the three pH levels. A low free concentration of ZEN was demonstrated using binders containing mixed-layered smectites and binders containing humic acids.

Yeast and bacteria from ensiled high moisture maize grains as potential mitigation agents of fumonisin B1

“…But, according to Rychlik et al , the term matrix‐associated fumonisins may be more suitable to encompass all possible forms of interactions, both physical and chemical ones. The capacity of numerous organic and inorganic compounds to bind mycotoxins has led to the release of a large panel of feed additives marketed as mycotoxin binders whose use aims to reduce mycotoxin availability, uptake and toxicity to livestock . Two main adverse effects require, however, to be considered when using FB 1 ‐binders: (1) the binders can interact with other nutrients and feed compounds, and (2) the mycotoxin complexes are reversible under some physico‐chemical conditions and the toxins are prone to release in the digestive tract of consumers …”

“…additives marketed as mycotoxin binders whose use aims to reduce mycotoxin availability, uptake and toxicity to livestock. 19 Two main adverse effects require, however, to be considered when using FB 1 -binders: (1) the binders can interact with other nutrients and feed compounds, and (2) the mycotoxin complexes are reversible under some physico-chemical conditions and the toxins are prone to release in the digestive tract of consumers. 10 In addition to adsorption mechanisms, biological treatments can also exploit the occurrence of microbial enzymatic activities capable of transforming FB 1 into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites 11,20,21 giving therefore the guarantee of a lower risk.…”

Occurrence, prevention and remediation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in silage: a review

“…and other polymers like the resin cholestyramine, divinylbenzene–styrene polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone, humic acid polymers, etc. Microbial cell walls form another category of mycotoxin‐adsorbing agents …”

“…Micronized wheat fibres have been demonstrated to reduce ochratoxin A levels. Resins and humic acid polymers are capable of adsorbing anionic mycotoxins like zearalenone and fumonisins …”

Presencia de hongos y contaminación con micotoxinas en ensilajes para alimentación de rumiantes. Artículo de Revisión

“…Más aún, no hallaron diferencias entre las dietas que solo contenían zeolita o zearalenona. De Mil et al (2015) observaron que el porcentaje promedio de zealarenona adsorbida fue entre el 0 y el 40, y que in vitro, el pH del medio y la geometría molecular de los adsorbentes juegan un papel importante en el porcentaje de adsorción de zealarenona.…”