Characterization of 6–11th century A.D decorative lime plasters of rock cut caves of Ellora

Singh, Munesh; Kumar, Sushil; Waghmare, Sujata A.

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.039

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although the damage caused was not particularly severe, we limited the extraction and extension of the samples as much as possible, attempting to take advantage of areas that had been surveyed previously (Singh et al . , 156). The samples were extracted by deep cutting with a scalpel in order to obtain the complete set of layers.…”

Section: Sampling Criteria Location and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Smoke Deposits in the Limewash of the Royal Artillery Factory of Seville (17th Century): Contributions to the Location of the Furnaces

et al. 2019

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The Royal Artillery Factory of Seville in Spain originated from pre‐existing private bronze foundries dating from the 16th century. The paper analyses the stratigraphy of wall cladding in the areas traditionally known as the ‘Old Foundry’ and the ‘New Foundry’, through its characterization by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM‐EDX), micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF) and micro‐X‐ray diffraction (μ‐XRD), in order to analyse the metal deposits that have accumulated since the 17th century. The data obtained allowed the verification of the available historiographical information and the location of the original bronze smelting furnaces. The analysis of patinas deposited on the overlapping layers of lime also confirmed that neither the raw materials nor the composition of the alloys used presented any substantial changes.

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Section: Sampling Criteria Location and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Smoke Deposits in the Limewash of the Royal Artillery Factory of Seville (17th Century): Contributions to the Location of the Furnaces

et al. 2019

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“…India's Ellora cave temples dating back to 6 th -11 th century are notable monumental structures ( Figure 7) which were carved from basalt (Singh et al, 2015).…”

Section: şEkil 6 Antik üRdün şEhri Petra'daki El Deir Manastırı Fotmentioning

confidence: 99%

İlk Çağlardan Günümüze Yeraltı Yapıları, Kaya Yapıları ve Kaya Mekaniği

Akış¹,

Satıcı²

2017

Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi

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Usage of underground space is an old habit for human beings since ancient era. Our ancestors have used caves as a shelter for protection from the wild life and nature, and they excavated caves to extract valuable minerals. They also used them as sanctuaries, tombs or for storage of goods. In addition, they built tunnels to be used as assault systems or to underpass fortifications during ancient warfare. Later on, tunnels were driven to supply water to the towns or to protect the towns from floods. They also built them for communication purposes. Though not knowing the exact time when they were first used, natural underground structures which have several interconnections were also built for underground dwelling purposes through the human history. In the following centuries, due to the need of transportation facilities, transportation tunnels were constructed where new excavation techniques were also used. Navigation canal tunnels, railway tunnels and road tunnels were constructed during that period. All these structures were mostly excavated in rocks. The first excavations were performed manually. Later on, fire technique had been used to excavate more easily. This was followed by the methods in which gunpowder, explosives and tunneling machinery were used. By some means or other, ancient civilizations had used fundamental principles of rock mechanics and applied these principles in the construction of the underground structures. Principles of rock mechanics are the sine qua non for all of these structures and facilities. In this review paper, the history and evaluation of rock mechanics will be given briefly and some examples of historical and monumental underground and rock structures will be presented. Keywords

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“…In the complex system of India's Ellora caves (Singh et al . ), the support has been prepared by the application of successive lime and earthen plaster layers of distinct character.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the support system for decorative art is prepared by applying several earthen plaster layers of varied composition and finished with a thin lime wash *Received 20 December 2018; accepted 12 November 2019 †Corresponding author: email m_singh_asi@yahoo.com layer that will receive the colours. In the complex system of India's Ellora caves (Singh et al 2015), the support has been prepared by the application of successive lime and earthen plaster layers of distinct character.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial evidence of plant and animal‐origin organic additives from the second‐century bce earthen plaster of rock‐cut caves of Karla, India*

Dighe

Singh

2019

Archaeometry

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Analytical investigations through phytochemical screening, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscopic observation of the earthen plaster of Karla Caves of western India identified the presence of antifungal, antibacterial and insect repellent Careya arborea stem fibres as a vegetal additive. The scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM‐EDX) study also revealed the inclusion of rice (Oryza sativa) husk as a plant additive in the plaster. In the high rain‐fed coastal regions of western India, the antimicrobial, antioxidant and termite‐resistance properties of C. arborea helped the survival of the plaster in unfavourable climatic conditions. Besides, the C. arborea and rice husk together played a role in reducing cracks, decreasing the density, and imparting a plasticity and a durability to the plaster. The liquid Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) of organic extracts revealed carboxylic acid (fatty acids)‐based additives in the earthen plaster. From the gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of the plaster, the presence of animal milk fat, animal and vegetable fat, and vegetable oil was identified, and probably used to strengthen the earthen plaster for their resistance to tensile stress. The analysis also diagnoses the inclusion of methyl commate B, a resinous material obtained from the Burseraceae plant family, which has antimicrobial properties, through GC‐MS analysis.

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Characterization of 6–11th century A.D decorative lime plasters of rock cut caves of Ellora

Cited by 38 publications

References 19 publications

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Smoke Deposits in the Limewash of the Royal Artillery Factory of Seville (17th Century): Contributions to the Location of the Furnaces

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Smoke Deposits in the Limewash of the Royal Artillery Factory of Seville (17th Century): Contributions to the Location of the Furnaces

İlk Çağlardan Günümüze Yeraltı Yapıları, Kaya Yapıları ve Kaya Mekaniği

Initial evidence of plant and animal‐origin organic additives from the second‐century bce earthen plaster of rock‐cut caves of Karla, India*

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