Characterization of a Jesus Pantocrator Wooden Icon from Eighteen Century by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Infrared and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopies

Vivianite and Its Oxidation Products in Mammoth Ivory and Their Implications to the Burial Process

“…27 The peak at 1450 cm −1 and the overlapping band centered at 1000 cm −1 are due to the P−O symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes in each spectrum, respectively. 28 Furthermore, the three IR spectra all exhibit the P−O shear bending components at 560 cm −1 . 29 The peaks at 1650 and 1538 cm −1 separately appear for spectra 1 and 2, which are both caused by the N−H bending vibration and C−N stretching vibration of amide.…”

“…27 The peak at 1450 cm –1 and the overlapping band centered at 1000 cm –1 are due to the P–O symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes in each spectrum, respectively. 28 Furthermore, the three IR spectra all exhibit the P–O shear bending components at 560 cm –1 . 29 …”

“…29 The peaks at 1650 and 1538 cm −1 separately appear for spectra 1 and 2, which are both caused by the N−H bending vibration and C−N stretching vibration of amide. 28 The shoulder peak at 475 cm −1 for spectrum 2 is associated with the Fe−O stretching vibration. Meanwhile, the peaks at 777 and 475 cm −1 of spectrum 3 are attributed to the Fe•••O−H vibration and Fe−O vibration, respectively.…”

“… 44 − 51 According to the chemical composition and oxidized degree of vivianite, some scholars speculated the origin and preservation integrity of works of art. 52 , 28 , 53 …”

“…44−51 According to the chemical composition and oxidized degree of vivianite, some scholars speculated the origin and preservation integrity of works of art. 52,28,53 The results of μ-XRF mapping and XPS show an apparent iron content in the blue and yellowish-brown outer layers. To further analyze the oxidation degree of vivianite in these two layers, the Fe (2p) peak fitting data are given in Table 1.…”