Characterization of a Messer – The late-Medieval single-edged sword of Central Europe

Fajfar, Peter; Medved, Jožef; Klančnik, Grega; Lazar, Tomaž; Nečemer, Marijan; Mrvar, Primož

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2013.10.005

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Accordingly, on the backedge, quenched structures with an excess of carbon were produced, that formed grain boundary cementite. This hypothesis is also supported by the microhardness measurements (Table S3) with harder areas (480 HV 0.5 to 580 HV 0.5), corresponding to tempered martensite [4,36]. Hot-forged lines were also observed at the core of the blade (Figure 5a,b).…”

Section: Swords Manufacturing: Microstructural Analysissupporting

confidence: 68%

“…It appears that the alloy is made of iron with different carbon content along the transversal axis (Figure 5d,g). The hardness has irregular values, and it could be the result of different procedures: 530 HV 0.5 compared to 300 HV 0.5 [4]. Sample L2I is hollowed and has visible hot-forged lines (Figure 5e), which draw the forge folds and divide the microstructure from side to side into: (i) tempered martensite; (ii) pearlite and ferrite; (iii) tempered martensite; (iv) pearlite and acicular ferrite; (v) tempered martensite (Figure 5f).…”

Section: Swords Manufacturing: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study of ancient iron swords is of common interest for the cultural heritage context as it delivers information on the specific metallurgical knowledge of ancient times. Many studies have been performed to find out the metallurgical characteristics of ancient weaponry, most of them using a classical invasive protocol that involves the sampling of representative parts of the object and metallurgical instrumentation to identify its exact manufacturing process [1][2][3][4]. Through microstructural analysis, much information about the forging processes and the thermal treatments can be extracted [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Archaeometallurgical Analyses on Two Renaissance Swords from the “Luigi Marzoli” Museum in Brescia: Manufacturing and Provenance

Mori

Ghiara

Montis³

et al. 2021

Heritage

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Two Venetian types of swords coming from the “Luigi Marzoli” Arms Museum in Brescia were characterized in this study, to understand their manufacturing process and to gather information about their provenance. Both the blades and the hilts components are analyzed using a multi-methodological approach, to describe possible differences in the metallurgical features that involved classical metallographic and spectroscopic techniques. Microstructural results indicate a complex process for the manufacturing of the blades, by hot-forging, confirmed by a sequence of different microstructures even on the same sample. Furthermore, an interesting and unusual manufacturing technique is used on one of the pommels, which consists of two hemispheres connected by copper joints. Hypothesis about the ironmaking and the provenience of raw materials are obtained by the features and composition of the inclusions. It is suggested that there is the use of both a direct and an indirect process on the swords. It is likely that the minerals used to obtain iron and copper of the swords come from the mines of the Brescia and Bergamo territories. All the hypotheses are consistent with the historical documents of the time that also give information on the diffusion of such swords in the Brescia area.

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Section: Swords Manufacturing: Microstructural Analysissupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Swords Manufacturing: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Archaeometallurgical Analyses on Two Renaissance Swords from the “Luigi Marzoli” Museum in Brescia: Manufacturing and Provenance

Mori

Ghiara

Montis³

et al. 2021

Heritage

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“…For such characterization of metal alloys in archeometallurgical analysis, usually different non‐destructive methods are used: X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) , proton‐induced X‐ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) , fluorescence spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) , and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy . In archeological founding thin sheets of metal alloys are sometimes found and their analysis presents an analytical challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Ag and Au nanolayers on Cu alloys by TLC, SEM‐EDS, and ICP‐OES

Rezić

Špehar

Jakovljević

2016

Materials & Corrosion

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This paper reports a study on four historical samples from 19th century originating from Croatia, Europe, made of silver plated and gilded copper alloys. The investigation was carried out by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. Corrosion was identified in all samples by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), although the samples were in well-preserved states. EDS has given the following average composition of elements Ag (82.99, 4.74, 6.34,and 15.54 wt% in samples 1-4, respectively), Au (17.01 wt% in sample 1), and Cu (0, 95.26, 93.66, and 84.46 wt% in samples 1-4, respectively) for the outer layers of the samples.The exact sample elemental composition was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES): 0.12, 0.22, 0.68, and 1.20 wt% Ag in samples 1-4, respectively and 0.02 wt% Au in sample 2, all on Cu alloys with impurities of Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, and Zn (in quantities 0.05-1.48 wt%). Preliminary detection of metals was performed by thin-layer chromatography. Results of determined chemical composition were consistent with similar investigations, since silver-plated and gilded Cu alloys were the materials used in the production of similar samples through the history.

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“…Further explanation of the work process may be provided by scientific analyses, in particular metallography. 13,14,28,29 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Armour plates from Kozlov rob – analyses of two unusual finds

Lazar¹,

Mrvar²,

Lamut³

et al. 2016

Mater. Tehnol.

Self Cite

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During archaeological excavations of the fortifications on Kozlov rob, two perforated steel plates were discovered, the purposes of which had never been explained satisfactorily. Detailed examinations and scientific analyses confirmed that in one case at least we were dealing with fragments of armour from the late Middle Ages or the early Modern Period that had later been reworked into an entirely unrelated object having, in all possibility, a non-warlike function. Keywords: armour, weapons, archaeometallurgy, metallography, nano-indentation, Kozlov rob Med arheolo{kimi izkopavanji utrdbe na Kozlovem robu sta bili odkriti dve preluknjani, jekleni plo{~i, katerih namembnost ni bila nikoli zadovoljivo pojasnjena. Natan~ne preiskave in znanstvene analize so potrdile, da gre v vsaj enem primeru za fragment oklepa iz poznega srednjega veka ali iz zgodnjega novega veka. Ta je bil naknadno predelan v predmet, ki po vsej verjetnosti ni slu`il voja{kemu namenu.

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Characterization of a Messer – The late-Medieval single-edged sword of Central Europe

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Archaeometallurgical Analyses on Two Renaissance Swords from the “Luigi Marzoli” Museum in Brescia: Manufacturing and Provenance

Archaeometallurgical Analyses on Two Renaissance Swords from the “Luigi Marzoli” Museum in Brescia: Manufacturing and Provenance

Characterization of Ag and Au nanolayers on Cu alloys by TLC, SEM‐EDS, and ICP‐OES

Armour plates from Kozlov rob – analyses of two unusual finds

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