Characterization of a microwave microstrip helium plasma with gas-phase sample introduction for the optical emission spectrometric determination of bromine, chlorine, sulfur and carbon using a miniaturized optical fiber spectrometer

Low-power microwave-generated helium microplasma for molecular and atomic spectrometry

“…9 After extracting carbon from liquid samples in the form of carbon dioxide, Matsumoto and Nakahara used atomic carbon emission lines at 193 and 245 nm from a 70 W microwave discharge operating in helium to find a detection limit on the order of 100 ppm. 25 Pohl et al flowed H 2 S mixed with helium into a 40 W microwave plasma and observed atomic S emission at 469.4 nm, finding a detection limit on the order of 160 ppm 26 The same group obtained detection limits on the order of 3 ppm and 100 ppm for carbon dioxide depending on whether emission from CN or C 2 was considered.…”

Innovation in Plasma Atomic Spectrometry from the Direct Current Arc to Plasmas on a Chip

“…The use of vapor generation can also be extended to the determination of S, C, and the halogens through the use of redox reactions. 28 It also should be possible to use volatile compound formation for other elements using photochemical reactions and through the use of reductions with NaBH 4 , as investigated by Sturgeon, et al, 29 and to couple this with microplasmas as either radiation or ionization sources. As shown in the survey mentioned, for a number of transition and noble metals, volatilization or volatile compound formation and transport should be possible, with widely varying efficiencies, indicating that this is a prominent field for basic research.…”

Characterization of rapidly-prototyped, battery-operated, argon-hydrogen microplasma on a hybrid chip for elemental analysis of microsamples by portable optical emission spectrometry

“…In addition to their small dimension as a key characteristic, microplasmas can be classified in a number of ways [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. To name but a few, according to their operating pressure (e.g., atmospheric-pressure or low-pressure); according to the type of electrical power used to sustain them [8][9][10][11]; as gas-liquid microplasmas (e.g., those that use an electrolyte solution as part of an electrode [12][13][14][15][16]); according to their geometric shape (e.g., planar [10], microhollow [17]); and, according to their method of fabrication (e.g., micromachined or rapidly-prototyped microplasmas on planar, postage-stamp size 2D-chips or 3D-printed microplasmas on 3D-chips [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]). Thus far, microplasmas of the type classified above received attention in the literature, such as, in review articles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], in books [26,27] and in a growing list of papers describing their use in chemical analysis [7][8][9][10]…”

“…Initially, gaseous sample introduction was used to demonstrate analytical capability and utility of gas-phase microplasmas [1,[8][9][10][11]17]. Introduction of liquid samples, however, has been problematic (at best) [1,18,19], because microplasmas are extinguished when liquid samples are introduced into them.…”