Characterization of a new polyvalent antivenom (Antivipmyn® Africa) against African vipers and elapids

Immunological cross-reactivity and neutralization of the principal toxins of Naja sumatrana and related cobra venoms by a Thai polyvalent antivenom (Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom)

“…The survival ratio was recorded after 48 h to determine the LD 50 (Ramos-Cerrillo et al, 2008). Values for crude venoms of N. sumatrana, N. kaouthia and N. sputatrix were referred to the previous data reported from the same laboratory (Leong et al, 2012a).…”

“…Neutralization of lethality was conducted as described by Ramos-Cerrillo et al (2008). Briefly, a challenge dose of the purified toxin in 50 L saline was pre-incubated at 37 • C for 30 min with various dilutions of the reconstituted antivenom (NPAV) in normal saline, to give a total volume of 200 L. The mixture was subsequently centrifuged at 10,000 × g before being injected into the caudal vein of mouse.…”

“…It is common for pit viper antivenoms to have a neutralizing potency of 3-10 mg venom/mL (Ramos-Cerrillo et al, 2008;Segura et al, 2010;Leong et al, 2014). However, for Asiatic cobra antivenoms (including NPAV), the typical neutralizing potency is 0.5-2 mg venom/mL (Leong et al, 2012a,b;Ramos-Cerrillo et al, 2008;Casasola et al, 2009).…”

Antivenomic Assessment of the Immunological Reactivity of EchiTAb-Plus-ICP, an Antivenom for the Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…6,7,11,14,15 Several manufacturers have responded developing antivenoms for sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, in addition to laboratories traditionally producing antivenoms for Africa, such as EgyVac (Egypt), Sanofi-Pasteur (France), and South African Vaccine Producers (South Africa), 16 other manufacturers have recently developed new antivenoms for this region, e.g., MicroPharm (UK), 17 Instituto Bioclon (Mexico), 11,18 Instituto Clodomiro Picado (Costa Rica), 19,20 and Instituto Butantan (Brazil) (Diasda-Silva W, personal communication). However, there was a large heterogeneity in the design and composition of the venoms used in the immunization mixtures to prepare the above antivenoms, an issue complicated by the complexity of subSaharan herpetofauna and by the diversity of African snake venom proteomes ("venoms"), including intraspecies venom variability in those species with a wide geographical distribution.…”

Venom gland transcriptomics for identifying, cataloging, and characterizing venom proteins in snakes

“…Envenomation by these snakes can be a significant threat to human health (Chippaux and Theakston, 1987;Dolab et al, 2014;Gonzalez-Andrade and Chippaux, 2010;Gutierrez et al, 2006;Lalloo et al, 1996;Pierini et al, 1996;Ramos-Cerrillo et al, 2008;Vidal et al, 2007), especially those by front-fanged snakes such as members of the Viperidae and Elapidae, which are represented by over 600 species (Vonk et al, 2011). Some colubrid, lamprophiid, and natricid snakes also are venomous and, although many are not harmful to humans, some are potentially dangerous (Pyron et al, 2011(Pyron et al, , 2013.…”