Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVmonNG1) Genome Sequence from a Mona Monkey (<i>Cercopithecus mona</i>)

Barlow, Katrina L.; Ajao, Adebowale Oluwafemi; Clewley, Jonathan P.

doi:10.1128/jvi.77.12.6879-6888.2003

Cited by 43 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…More recent studies of SIVs from mustached monkeys (Cercopithecus cephus) and mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona) have shown that both form a phylogenetic clade together with SIVgsn (5,18). In the 3Ј region of their genome (including the env gene), the three Cercopithecus strains are closely related to each other, but they also cluster with SIVcpz (Fig.…”

Section: The Origin Of Sivcpzmentioning

confidence: 97%

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Chimpanzees

Sharp

Shaw

Hahn³

2005

J Virol

179

135

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Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are primate lentiviruses that infect no fewer than 36 different nonhuman primate species in sub-Saharan Africa (4,9,62). Two of these viruses, SIVcpz from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and SIVsmm from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), have crossed species barriers on multiple occasions and have generated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2 (20,24,25,94). AIDS, one of the most devastating infectious diseases to have emerged in recent history, is thus the result of cross-species infections of humans by lentiviruses of primate origin (33).Identification of the primate source that spawned the HIV-1 pandemic is of scientific and public health importance. To this end, it is now well established that the immediate precursor of HIV-1 is a lentivirus that infects chimpanzees of the subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes in west central Africa (17,24). What is also known but perhaps less widely appreciated is that SIVcpz strains have been transmitted to humans on at least three independent occasions and that the current HIV-1 group M pandemic, which has afflicted more than 60 million people and caused more than 20 million deaths, resulted from just one of these transmission events in the first half of the twentieth century (42,77,97). The reasons for HIV-1's sudden emergence, the adaptive changes that followed, and the mechanisms underlying its unique pathogenicity in humans have not yet been determined.Primates naturally infected with SIV, including SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees, appear not to develop immunodeficiency or AIDS (31,40,49,60,70,79). In contrast, HIV infection of humans is nearly always characterized by progressive loss of CD4 ϩ T lymphocytes, chronic immune activation, and gradual destruction of an array of immune functions (82). The basis for this difference in pathogenicity is not understood, but deciphering which viral and/or host factors are responsible for the nonpathogenic course of natural SIV infections could well prove useful in developing more-effective treatment or prevention strategies for HIV/AIDS.Chimpanzees and humans share more than 98% sequence identity across their genomes (91). This degree of relatedness provides a unique opportunity to search for key differences in virus-host interactions responsible for differences in viral pathogenicity, an approach that could prove complementary to current studies that focus primarily on human disease susceptibility (55). In this review, we summarize recent progress in four key scientific areas related to AIDS pathogenesis: (i) the origin of HIV-1; (ii) the origin of SIVcpz; (iii) natural SIVcpz reservoirs; and (iv) the natural history of SIVcpz infection. Scientific and public health implications of these data as they relate to human infections by the corresponding virus, HIV-1, will also be discussed.

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Section: The Origin Of Sivcpzmentioning

confidence: 97%

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Chimpanzees

Sharp

Shaw

Hahn³

2005

J Virol

179

135

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“…SIV isolates from other primates including red-capped mangabey, mona, and mustached have been found to express Vpr although it is unclear whether Vpr from these SIV strains is functionally analogous to HIV-1 Vpr (Barlow et al, 2003;Beer et al, 2001;Courgnaud et al, 2003;Takemura and Hayami, 2004). …”

Section: Vpr From Other Primate Lentivirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-1 Vpr: Mechanisms of G2 arrest and apoptosis

Andersen

Rouzic

Planelles

2008

Experimental and Molecular Pathology

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Since the first isolation of HIV-1 from a patient with generalized lymphadenopathy in 1983, great progress has been made in understanding the viral life cycle and the functional nuances of each of the nine genes encoded by HIV-1. Considerable attention has been paid to four small HIV-1 open reading frames, vif, vpr, vpu and nef. These genes were originally termed "accessory" because their deletion failed to completely disable viral replication in vitro. More than twenty years afte the cloning and sequencing of HIV-1, a great deal of information is available regarding the multiple functions of the accessory proteins and it is well accepted that, collectively, these gene products modulate the host cell biology to favor viral replication, and that they are largely responsible for the pathogenesis of HIV-1. Expression of Vpr, in particular, leads to cell cycle arrest in G 2 , followed by apoptosis.Here we summarize our current understanding of Vpr biology with a focus on Vpr-induced G 2 arrest and apoptosis.

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“…A 130-bp LTR fragment was obtained by a nested-PCR protocol using primers LTRA-LTRB and LTRC-LTRD, as described previously (21). A 602-bp pol integrase fragment was obtained by using a slight variation of previously described primers used to amplify divergent SIVs (4,(13)(14)(15)(16)30). Polis4B (5Ј-CCA GCH CAY AAA GGW ATA GGW GGA AA-3Ј) Phylogenetic analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Partial Characterization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsm Strains from Bush Meat Samples from Rural Sierra Leone

Apetrei

Metzger

Richardson

et al. 2005

J Virol

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that naturally infect sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys). In order to further investigate the relationship between HIV-2 and SIVsm, the SIV specific to the SM, we characterized seven new SIVsm strains from SMs sold in Sierra Leone markets as bush meat. The gag, pol, and env sequences showed that, while the viruses of all seven SMs belonged to the SIVsm-HIV-2 lineage, they were highly divergent viruses, in spite of the fact that most of the samples originated from the same geographical region. They clustered in three lineages, two of which have been previously reported. Two of the new SIVsm strains clustered differently in gag and env phylogenetic trees, suggesting SIVsm recombination that had occurred in the past. In spite of the fact that our study doubles the number of known SIVsm strains from wild SMs, none of the simian strains were close to the groups in which HIV-2 was epidemic (groups A and B).

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Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVmonNG1) Genome Sequence from a Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona)

Cited by 43 publications

References 50 publications

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Chimpanzees

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Chimpanzees

HIV-1 Vpr: Mechanisms of G2 arrest and apoptosis

Detection and Partial Characterization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsm Strains from Bush Meat Samples from Rural Sierra Leone

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