Characterization of a sub-assembly of 3D position sensitive cadmium zinc telluride detectors and electronics from a sub-millimeter resolution PET system

Abbaszadeh, Shiva; Gu, Yi; Reynolds, Paul D.; Levin, Craig S.

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/61/18/6733

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The desire for room-temperature gamma-ray spectroscopic imagers with sub-millimetre spatial resolution in 3D and energy resolutions close to the superb resolutions of cooled high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors (0.3% FWHM at 662 keV) (Abbene et al, 2013a,b;Knoll, 2000) has stimulated intense research activities on the development of 3D cadmium-zinc-telluride (CdZnTe or CZT) detectors. Roomtemperature measurements of photon energy, timing and 3D positioning up to the megaelectronvolt region are key requirements for several applications in astrophysics (Kuvvetli et al, 2010), medical imaging (Abbaszadeh et al, 2016;Drezet et al, 2007;Peng & Levin, 2010) and nuclear security (Johns & Nino, 2019;Wahl & He, 2011. Since the first spectroscopic grade detector was fabricated (Butler et al, 1992), CZT now represents the leading detector material over high-Z and wide-band-gap compound semiconductors (Del Sordo, 2004Sordo, , 2009 Takahashi & Watanabe, 2001;Turturici et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the development of high-resolution 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride drift strip detectors

et al. 2020

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In the last two decades, great efforts have been made in the development of 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride (CZT) detectors operating at room temperature for gamma-ray spectroscopic imaging. This work presents the spectroscopic performance of new high-resolution CZT drift strip detectors, recently developed at IMEM-CNR of Parma (Italy) in collaboration with due2lab (Italy). The detectors (19.4 mm × 19.4 mm × 6 mm) are organized into collecting anode strips (pitch of 1.6 mm) and drift strips (pitch of 0.4 mm) which are negatively biased to optimize electron charge collection. The cathode is divided into strips orthogonal to the anode strips with a pitch of 2 mm. Dedicated pulse processing analysis was performed on a wide range of collected and induced charge pulse shapes using custom 32-channel digital readout electronics. Excellent room-temperature energy resolution (1.3% FWHM at 662 keV) was achieved using the detectors without any spectral corrections. Further improvements (0.8% FWHM at 662 keV) were also obtained through a novel correction technique based on the analysis of collected-induced charge pulses from anode and drift strips. These activities are in the framework of two Italian research projects on the development of spectroscopic gamma-ray imagers (10–1000 keV) for astrophysical and medical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the development of high-resolution 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride drift strip detectors

et al. 2020

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“…The LORs were processed with a listmode OS-EM algorithm [22] to reconstruct images. A time window of 20 ns based on previously published results was used [5], [23].…”

Section: Methods and Materials A Simulation Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After performing the simulation, six scenarios using different energy resolution (1%, 4%, and 6% FWHM at 511 keV) and spatial resolution (0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm 3 , 1 × 1 × 1 mm 3 , 1 × 3 × 0.5 mm 3 , 1 × 3 × 1 mm 3 , and 1 × 5 × 1 mm 3 ) were considered based on previous published studies [11], [19], [23]- [25]. Table II summarizes the scenarios considered in post-processing for each system.…”

Section: Methods and Materials A Simulation Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of CZT System Characteristics on Compton Scatter Event Recovery

Yang

Reed

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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Improving 511 keV photon detection sensitivity is a common goal for positron emission tomography (PET) system designers. One attractive approach to increase sensitivity is recovering events that are normally rejected. The kinematics of Compton scattering can be used to recover the line of response through direction difference angle (DDA). The uncertainty of DDA is determined by the energy and spatial resolution of a system. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of small animal cadmium zinc telluride-based PET systems with energy resolution of 1%, 4%, and 6% and different spatial resolution based on prior work for guiding new design efforts. Designs with energy resolution limited by counting statistics and by electronic noise were considered. The influence of modifying the conventional energy window and uncertainty of DDA was investigated. For a system with 4% energy resolution and limited by electronic noise, the figure of merit of noise equivalent count increases by 65% as the lower energy bound increases from 471 to 493 keV. If the system-wide energy resolution becomes worse than 4% of the full width half maximum at 511 keV, going to a pixel size finer than 1 mm has very limited effect in reducing total angular uncertainty. For a system with 1% energy resolution, as the spatial resolution improves from 1 mm to 0.5 mm, the contrast-to-noise ratio increases by 9%.

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“…The time window and energy window for selecting coincidence events were 1 ns and [400, 620] keV, respectively. For the CZT system, the crystal size was 40×40×5 mm 3 , and the energy resolution, time resolution, and intrinsic spatial resolution were set to 2%, 8 ns, and 1 × 1 × 1 mm 3 , respectively [19]. The time window was 15 ns and energy window was [490, 530] keV.…”

Section: A Detecting Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors and lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) combined with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors are investigated for the HNC PET scanner. Compared with LYSO, CZT has a high energy resolution, submillimeter intrinsic spatial resolution [18], [19], and intrinsically achievable depth-of-interaction (DOI) information. It has been used for the small field of view (FOV) and high-resolution PET applications such as small animal imaging [20]- [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Study of a Dedicated Head and Neck Cancer PET System

Yockey

Abbaszadeh

2020

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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The tumor-involved regions of head and neck cancer (HNC) have complex anatomical structures and vital physiological roles. As a consequence, there is a need for high sensitivity and high spatial resolution dedicated HNC PET scanner. The purpose of this article is to evaluate and optimize system design that includes detecting materials and geometries. For the detecting material, two scanners with the same two-panel geometry based on cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) and lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) were evaluated. For the system geometry, four CZT scanners with two-panel, lengthened two-panel, four-panel, and full-ring geometries were evaluated. A cylinder phantom with sphere lesions and an XCAT phantom in the head and neck region were simulated. The results showed that the sensitivity of the 40-mm thickness CZT system and the 20-mm thickness LYSO system were comparable. However, the multiple interaction photon events recovery accuracy of the CZT system was about 20% higher. The in-panel and orthogonal-panel spatial resolutions of CZT are 0.58 and 0.74 mm, while those of LYSO are 0.70 and 1.40 mm. For system geometry, the four-panel and full-ring scanners have a higher contrast recovery coefficient (CRC) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) than the two-panel and lengthened two-panel scanners. However, a 5-mm lesion in the XCAT phantom was visualized within 6 min in the two-panel system. Index Terms-Dedicated positron emission tomography (PET), head and neck cancer (HNC), Monte Carlo simulation, system design.

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Characterization of a sub-assembly of 3D position sensitive cadmium zinc telluride detectors and electronics from a sub-millimeter resolution PET system

Cited by 34 publications

References 23 publications

Recent advances in the development of high-resolution 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride drift strip detectors

Recent advances in the development of high-resolution 3D cadmium–zinc–telluride drift strip detectors

Effect of CZT System Characteristics on Compton Scatter Event Recovery

Design Study of a Dedicated Head and Neck Cancer PET System

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