Characterization of an Effective Salt-tolerant, Fast-growing Strain of Rhizobium japonicum

Yelton, M. Melanie; Yang, Shuran; Edie, Scott A.; Lim, S. T.

doi:10.1099/00221287-129-5-1537

Cited by 77 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Mass cultures for the preparation of unlabeled DNA and 32P-labeled DNA were prepared as described by Jarvis VOL. 36,1986 RHIZOBIUM DNA HOMOLOGIES 551 et al (17). The medium used for phage enrichment from soil was yeast-sucrose broth (34), and the medium used for phage plaque assays was Vincent number 2 medium (34).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Homologies between Rhizobium fredii, Rhizobia That Nodulate Galega sp., and Other Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Species

Wedlock

Jarvis

1986

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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The relationships between Rhizobium fredii and the rhizobia that nodulate Galega oflcinalis and Galega orientalis (goat's rue) and recognized species of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium were investigated by using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization, legume nodulation tests, and phage typing. The R. fredii strains formed a distinct DNA homology group which could be divided into two subgroups. The mean levels of relative homology at 65°C of 11 strains of R. fredii with R. fredii reference strains USDA 208 and USDA 191 were 86 and 80%, respectively. These values were significantly higher (Student's t test, P C 0.001) than the mean levels of relative homology with DNAs from other groups of rhizobia. The Gdega-nodulating rhizobia also formed a distinct DNA homology group. The mean levels of relative homology at 65°C of DNAs from 11 strains with DNAs from reference strains gall and galNW3, which effectively nodulate G. oficimh, were 79 and 85%' respectively. These values were also significantly higher (Student's t test, P C 0.001) than the values obtained with DNAs from other groups of rhizobia. These results correlated with cross-inoculation and phage-typing results and indicated that the two groups are genetically distinct. Genomic DNA was used as a probe in a modified colony hybridization autoradiographic procedure for the identification of DNAs from Rltizobium leguminosarum, R. ftedii, and Rhizobium sp. (Galega) in colonies and from nodules.Bacteria which form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of leguminous plants belong to the genera Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium (22). In the past these bacteria have been classified according to the specific plant or group of plants which they can nodulate (10, 23). The limitations of this classification have become increasingly obvious (1,7,12,26, 35), and several workers have studied relationships between different species of root nodule bacteria by using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization (6, 11, 14, 17).Crow et al. (6) studied DNA-DNA homologies between 113 strains of fast-growing acid-producing rhizobia and seven reference Rhizobium strains. These workers divided the strains into the following four groups: group 1 comprised strains of Rhizobium trifolii, Rhizobium leguminosarum, and Rhizobium phaseoli; group 2 comprised strains from Onobrychis vicfolia (sainfoin) and Sophora sp.; group 3 contained Rhizobium meliloti strains; and group 4 included fast-growing rhizobia from Lotus sp. (trefoils) and a number of other plant species. Low levels of homology were found between fast-growing and slow-growing rhizobia. Subsequently, group 4 was described as a new species, Rhizobium loti (19), and the slow-growing rhizobia were transferred to a new genus of legume root nodule bacteria, Bradyrhizobium (21). The justification for these changes in the classification of rhizobia has been reviewed by Jordan (22).Keyser et al. (24) described the isolation of 11 fast-growing strains of soybean-nodulating rhizobia from the People's Republic of China. Although symbiotically ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Homologies between Rhizobium fredii, Rhizobia That Nodulate Galega sp., and Other Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Species

Wedlock

Jarvis

1986

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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“…The accumulation of osmolytes is thought to counteract the dehydrating effect of low water activity (11). In addition to the accumulation of organic solutes, that of inorganic solute K + , which also participates in maintaining the structure of ribosomes (24), under saltstressed conditions is a well-known phenomenon in fastgrowing rhizobia (175). In the salt-tolerant strain E. fredii P220, salinity results in an elevation in both K + and glutamate concentrations while cellular levels of Homospd and Mg 2+ decrease with an increase in the NaCl concentration (42).…”

Section: Homospd and Environmental Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salt tolerance is another characteristic of fast-growing rhizobial cells (130,150,175). Generally, the growth of B. japonicum is severely inhibited in media containing 100 to 200 mM NaCl, whereas Rhizobium species are often capable of growing in a 400-mM NaCl solution and sometimes grow in concentrations approaching that of seawater (68).…”

Section: Homospd and Environmental Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, the growth of B. japonicum is severely inhibited in media containing 100 to 200 mM NaCl, whereas Rhizobium species are often capable of growing in a 400-mM NaCl solution and sometimes grow in concentrations approaching that of seawater (68). Salt tolerance in microorganisms is closely related to the intra-cellular accumulation of organic solutes called osmolytes such as glutamate (6,42,141,175), trehalose (23,141), betaines (5), and dipeptide (140), although it also relates to extra-cellular polysaccharide production in certain rhizobia (98). The accumulation of osmolytes is thought to counteract the dehydrating effect of low water activity (11).…”

Section: Homospd and Environmental Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biogenic Amines in Rhizobia and Legume Root Nodules

Fujihara

2009

Microb. Environ.

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Root-nodule bacteria (rhizobia) are of great importance for nitrogen acquisition through symbiotic nitrogen fixation in a wide variety of leguminous plants. These bacteria differ from most other soil microorganisms by taking dual forms, i.e. a free-living form in soils and a symbiotic form inside of host legumes. Therefore, they should have a versatile strategy for survival, whether inhabiting soils or root nodules formed through rhizobia-legume interactions. Rhizobia generally contain large amounts of the biogenic amine homospermidine, an analog of spermidine which is an essential cellular component in most living systems. The external pH, salinity and a rapid change in osmolarity are thought to be significant environmental factors affecting the persistence of rhizobia. The present review describes the regulation of homospermidine biosynthesis in response to environmental stress and its possible functional role in rhizobia. Legume root nodules, an alternative habitat of rhizobia, usually contain a variety of biogenic amines besides homospermidine and the occurrence of some of these amines is closely associated with rhizobial infections. In the second half of this review, novel biogenic amines found in certain legume root nodules and the mechanism of their synthesis involving cooperation between the rhizobia and host legume cells are also described.

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“…However, bacteria have involved a variety of adaptive mechanisms in order to restore the cell turgor pressure and then reduce the osmotic potential between the cell and the environment [4]. Among these mechanisms, one of the most clearly established is the accumulation of ions such as potassium [30] and organic compatible solutes like amino acids, sugars and betaines [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmoprotection mechanisms in rhizobia isolated from Vicia faba var. major and Cicer arietinum

et al. 2001

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-Research of mechanisms involved in osmoprotection of two rhizobia strains isolated from nodules of Vicia faba var. major and one strain nodulating Cicer arietinum, showed that choline and glycine-betaine improved growth in salt stress conditions. Provided radioactive choline was converted into glycine betaine catabolized at low osmolarity and accumulated under osmotic stress. Enzyme activities involved in the synthesis of glycine betaine from choline were not modified by salt whereas addition of choline to the growth medium enhanced them. Exogenous radioactive glycine betaine was accumulated in salt stressed bacteria after one hour incubation but catabolized four hours later, suggesting a transient accumulation. Growth experiments indicated that betaine and its derivatives could be used as nitrogen and carbon sources. An investigation, by liquid phase chromatography, revealated accumulation of glutamate and alanine at different levels according to the strain and degree of stress.rhizobia / osmoprotection / choline / glycine betaine Résumé -Mécanismes d'osmoprotection chez les rhizobia isolés de Vicia faba var. major et de Cicer arietinum. La recherche des mécanismes impliqués dans l'osmoprotection chez deux souches de rhizobium isolées des nodosités de Vicia faba var. major et une souche nodulant Cicer arietinum, a montré que la glycine bétaïne et la choline améliorent la croissance bactérienne sous stress salin. Lors d'études métaboliques, la choline intracellulaire radioactive est transformée en glycine bétaïne et ce indépendamment de l'osmolarité du milieu. En effet, les activités choline déshydrogénase et glycine bétaïne aldéhyde déshydrogénase ne sont pas modifiées par le sel. Néanmoins, la présence de la choline dans le milieu augmente les deux activités enzymatiques. L'incubation en pré-sence de la glycine bétaïne durant une heure est suivie d'une accumulation de ce composé chez les cellules cultivées à 0,15 M NaCl. Cette accumulation n'a plus lieu quatre heures plus tard. Des expériences de croissance avec la glycine bétaïne ou ses métabolites montrent son utilisation comme source de carbone et d'azote. La recherche, par chromatographie en phase liquide a révélé l'accumulation du glutamate et de l'alanine à des niveaux variables en fonction de la souche et du degré de stress. rhizobia / choline / glycine betaine / osmoprotection

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Characterization of an Effective Salt-tolerant, Fast-growing Strain of Rhizobium japonicum

Cited by 77 publications

References 31 publications

DNA Homologies between Rhizobium fredii, Rhizobia That Nodulate Galega sp., and Other Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Species

DNA Homologies between Rhizobium fredii, Rhizobia That Nodulate Galega sp., and Other Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Species

Biogenic Amines in Rhizobia and Legume Root Nodules

Osmoprotection mechanisms in rhizobia isolated from Vicia faba var. major and Cicer arietinum

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