Characterization of As-received, Retrieved, and Recycled Stainless Steel Brackets

Eliades, Theodore; Zinelis, Spiros; Εliades, George; Athanasiou, Athanasios E.

doi:10.1007/s00056-003-0216-8

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These findings are in accordance with previous reports that have also evaluated the performance of orthodontic materials after their exposure to the oral environment or to different mediums that simulated in vivo conditions 7,13,16,17,23,24 . Furthermore, the used brackets presented biofilm deposits and accumulations of a wide range of materials of various sizes, with results similar to those previously described in the literature 9 , and that were also present in orthodontic wires 10 and components of extra-oral devices 9 . However, a variation in the biofilm levels could be observed among brackets with the same time of use, which reinforces the influence of individual variation and of methods of personal hygiene 9 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

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Physical and chemical properties of orthodontic brackets after 12 and 24 months: in situ study

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveThe aim of this article was to assess how intraoral biodegradation influenced the surface characteristics and friction levels of metallic brackets used during 12 and 24 months of orthodontic treatment and also to compare the static friction generated in these brackets with four different methods of the ligation of orthodontic wires.Material and MethodsSeventy premolar brackets as received from the manufacturer and 224 brackets that were used in previous orthodontic treatments were evaluated in this experiment. The surface morphology and the composition of the deposits found in the brackets were evaluated with rugosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Friction was analyzed by applying tensile tests simulating sliding mechanics with a 0.019x0.025" steel wire. The static friction levels produced by the following ligation methods were evaluated: loosely attached steel ligature around all four bracket wings, steel ligature attached to only two wings, conventional elastomeric ligation around all 4 bracket wings, and non-conventional Slide® elastomeric ligature.ResultsThe results demonstrated the presence of biodegradation effects such as corrosion pits, plastic deformation, cracks, and material deposits. The main chemical elements found on these deposits were Carbon and Oxygen. The maximum friction produced by each ligation method changed according to the time of intraoral use. The steel ligature loosely attached to all four bracket wings produced the lowest friction levels in the new brackets. The conventional elastic ligatures generated the highest friction levels. The metallic brackets underwent significant degradation during orthodontic treatment, showing an increase in surface roughness and the deposit of chemical elements on the surface.ConclusionThe levels of static friction decreased with use. The non-conventional elastic ligatures were the best alternative to reduce friction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The effects of lubricating agents such as artificial saliva in the results of friction tests are controversial. Some studies suggest the use of a lubrication medium because it would better simulated the intraoral conditions 1 , whereas others attained controversial results 10 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and chemical properties of orthodontic brackets after 12 and 24 months: in situ study

et al. 2014

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“…Most specimens in retrieval analyses of orthodontic brackets were mixed, comprising incisor, canine, and premolar devices (Eliades et al , , ; Lindel et al , ; Regis et al , ). Few studies have focused on brackets from only one tooth position, except Pandis et al () and Gkantidis et al (in press), who focused on incisor brackets, and Choi et al (), who investigated the second premolar brackets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the surface roughness and friction coefficient of orthodontic bracket slots before and after treatment

2012

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In this study, we tested the surface roughness of bracket slots and the friction coefficient between the bracket and the stainless steel archwire before and after orthodontic treatment. There were four experimental groups: groups 1 and 2 were 3M new and retrieved brackets, respectively, and groups 3 and 4 were BioQuick new and retrieved brackets, respectively. All retrieved brackets were taken from patients with the first premolar extraction and using sliding mechanics to close the extraction space. The surface roughness of specimens was evaluated using an optical interferometry profilometer, which is faster and nondestructive compared with a stylus profilometer, and provided a larger field, needing no sample preparation, compared with atomic force microscopy. Orthodontic treatment resulted in significant increases in surface roughness and coefficient of friction for both brands of brackets. However, there was no significant difference by brand for new or retrieved brackets. These retrieval analysis results highlight the necessity of reevaluating the properties and clinical behavior of brackets during treatment to make appropriate treatment decisions.

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“…Brackets and archwires were studied either under standard laboratory conditions [9][10][11] or after in vivo aging. [12][13][14] However, till today all the applied research protocols analyze each material separately, overlooking the galvanic couple between brackets and archwires, established under clinical conditions, which may seriously affect their in vivo performance. The phenomenon is even more complicated by the fact that stainless steel brackets, comprised of two parts (base and wing) are joined together with a variety of Aubased, Ag-based, or Ni-based brazing alloys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metallurgical characterization, galvanic corrosion, and ionic release of orthodontic brackets coupled with Ni‐Ti archwires

et al. 2006

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In orthodontics, a combination of metallic alloys is placed into the oral cavity during medical treatment and thus the corrosion resistance and ionic release of these appliances is of vital importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the elemental composition, microstructure, hardness, corrosion properties, and ionic release of commercially available orthodontic brackets and Copper Ni-Ti archwires. Following the assessment of the elemental composition of the orthodontic wire (Copper Ni-Ti) and the six different brackets (Micro Loc, Equilibrium, OptiMESH(XRT), Gemini, Orthos2, and Rematitan), cyclic polarization curves were obtained for each material to estimate the susceptibility of each alloy to pitting corrosion in 1M lactic acid. Galvanic corrosion between the orthodontic wire and each bracket took place in 1M lactic acid for 28 days at 37 degrees C and then the ionic concentration of Nickel and Chromium was studied. The orthodontic wire is made up from a Ni-Ti alloy with copper additions, while the orthodontic brackets are manufactured by different stainless steel grades or titanium alloys. All tested wires and brackets with the exception of Gemini are not susceptible to pitting corrosion. In galvanic corrosion, following exposure for 28 days, the lowest potential difference (approximately 250 mV) appears for the orthodontic wire Copper Ni-Ti and the bracket made up from pure titanium (Rematitan) or from the stainless steel AISI 316 grade (Micro Loc). Following completion of the galvanic corrosion experiments, measurable quantities of chromium and nickel ions were found in the residual lactic acid solution.

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Characterization of As-received, Retrieved, and Recycled Stainless Steel Brackets

Cited by 29 publications

References 6 publications

Physical and chemical properties of orthodontic brackets after 12 and 24 months: in situ study

Physical and chemical properties of orthodontic brackets after 12 and 24 months: in situ study

Changes in the surface roughness and friction coefficient of orthodontic bracket slots before and after treatment

Metallurgical characterization, galvanic corrosion, and ionic release of orthodontic brackets coupled with Ni‐Ti archwires

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