Characterization of bio‐filler derived from seashell wastes and its effect on the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of ABS composites

Abstract

The seashell is mainly composed of calcium carbonate and organic materials which, when decompose, produce harmful gases with significant odor and toxicity. Therefore, their wastes are considered to be a problem and could be hazardous to human. To overcome this problem, this study proposed to use grinded seashell wastes (SS) as a bio‐filler to reinforce acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS). Commercial calcium carbonate, CaCO3 (CC) was also used to compare the results. The filler and their composites were characterized by X‐ray Fluorescence (XRF), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Cone Calorimeter. DMA data show that the addition of low amounts of seashell bio‐filler to ABS increases the storage modulus (E′). The glass transition temperature (Tg) values are shifted to higher temperature. On the other hand, the ABS/SS composite shows a higher tensile strength than CC filled ABS. TGA results exhibit that there is an enhancement in the thermal stability when calcium carbonate from seashell is added. Good flame retardant properties were achieved with increasing the bio‐filler content. According to XRD and FT‐IR results of the char residues after cone calorimetric tests, the compact char layer acts as a barrier to oxygen and heat transfer, preventing the escape of polymer fragments to the gas phase, and decreasing the heat release rate during combustion. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2788–2797, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Biodegradable date stones filler for enhancing mechanical, dynamic, and flame retardant properties of polyamide‐6 biocomposites

“…. This result is consistent with our previous studies which revealed that good flame retardant properties were achieved for ABS/seashell biocomposites and EPDM‐ g ‐MAH/exfoliated clay nanocomposites. Also, Table shows that the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE), which is defined as the peak of cumulative heat released (THR) divided by time, decreases from 348 to 231 kW/m 2 and from 348 to 235 kW/m 2 in case of unmaleated and maleated PA6 composites, respectively.…”

“…And in turn, promotes the formation of high molecular weight structures by the chemical interactions between OH groups of DS filler, the maleic anhydrite of the PP‐ g ‐MAH, and the amine groups of the PA6 polymer , as shown in Scheme . All these interactions restrict the mobility of the polymer chains and therefore increase the storage modulus of the composites .…”

“…As a result, the XRD and FTIR techniques for the residue collected after the cone colorimeter tests support the fire mechanism. According to this mechanism, the char layer with high thermal stability can act as an insulating barrier to oxygen and heat transfer between the gas phase and the condensed phase, preventing the escape of polymer volatiles and thus reducing the HHR during combustion .…”

“…The date stones (DS) are considered biodegradable filler since they mainly contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin as well as oil and protein . Due to the increasing awareness about environmental impact and new regulations, considerable work has been done for replacing polluting and hazard fillers with those derived from bio‐sources such as seashells , rice husk , eggshells , hazelnut , etc.…”

Characterisation and Properties of Recycled Craft Shell Powder/Epoxy Composites

“…It was also shown that addition of sea shell powder more than 16% and 20% resulted in higher wear rate of the composite. Mustafa et al [13] used sea shell powder as natural filler in the ABS matrix. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis experimental results revealed that the incorporation of low amounts of seashell powder to ABS improves the storage modulus (E′) and also shifting of glass transition temperature (Tg) to higher temperaturevalue.…”