Characterization of bioadsorbent produced using incorporated treatment of chemical and carbonization procedures

Abstract

The production of bioadsorbent from palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CS) pretreated with 30% phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). Iodine adsorption for both bioadsorbents was optimized by central composite design. Two parameters including the H 3 PO 4 pretreatment temperature and carbonization temperature were determined as significant factors to improve the iodine adsorption of the bioadsorbent. Statistical analysis results divulge that both factors had significant effect on the iodine adsorption for the bioadsorbent. From the RSM analysis, it was suggested that using 80 and 79°C as H 3 PO 4 pretreatment temperature and 714 and 715°C as carbonization temperature would enhance the iodine adsorption of the CS and PKS bioadsobent, respectively. These results indicated that H 3 PO 4 is a good pretreatment for preparing PKS and CS prior to carbonization process to produce bioadsorbent with well-developed microporous and mesoporous volume. The effort to produce alternative high grade and inexpensive adsorbent derived from lignocellulosic biomass, particularly in the nut shell form was implied in this research.

Refining micropore capacity of activated carbon derived from coconut shell via deashing post-treatment

“…However, the activated carbon exhibits a high ash content and possesses a typical mesoporous structure with moderately high specific surface area. The same results were presented in other research (Lee et al 2017(Lee et al , 2019Tsai and Jiang 2018). A huge percentage of ash blocks the surface entrance to the micropores of the activated carbon and prevents the application of the carbon material.…”

“…The kinetics of removing the ash forming element in distilled water and H3PO4 under conventional stirring was selected as the topic for this study. Deashing treatments by soaking the biomass or char in hot dilute acid or hot water have been reported (Pandey et al 2015;Lee et al , 2019. The results provide insights into the influence of water in removing ash content from CS.…”

“…Ultrasonication is a harsher deashing treatment than the other treatments applied in this study. With the high capabilities to remove rigid impurities, ultrasonic deashing is highly suggested for porosity and microarchitecture refining of activated carbon with higher abrasion number such as palm kernel shell (Lee 2019).…”

Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide

“…The methylene blue number was determined according to the standard method (JIS K 1470-1991). In this assay, 0.05 g of adsorbent were placed in contact with 50 mL of a methylene blue solution at different concentrations (10,25,50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mgL −1 ) for 24 h at room temperature (of 25 • C ± 2 • C). After shaking for 24 h, the suspensions were filtered, and the remaining concentration of methylene blue in the solution was determined spectrophotometrically at a λ max of 660 nm using an UV/Vis spectrophotometer (UV-CECIL-CE-100).…”

“…Simultaneously, increasing the carbonization temperature from 500 • C to 700 • C prior to surface modification treatment resulted in an increased of iodine adsorption for the surface-modified samples. This may be attributable to the reaction of NaOH and the development of new pores in the carbon structure [25]. The chemical reactions of NaOH and carbon during the surface modification process can be written as follows [26]:…”