Characterization of C4 Type Leaf Anatomy in Grasses (Poaceae). Mesophyll: Bundle Sheath Area Ratios

Hattersley, P. W.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086678

Cited by 119 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…They reported that after a short activation phase, RuBPCase activity was nearly stable for 20 min. We observed that the loss of RuBPCase activity during incubation for activation proceeded at a constant rate for at least 13 (Table II). This was expected, as these genotypes differed in these traits in field-grown plants (2,3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Relationships between CO₂ Exchange Rates and Activities of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Chlorophyll Concentration, and Cell Volume in Maize Leaves

Baer¹,

Schrader²

1985

Plant Physiol.

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The relationships between CO2-exchange rate (CER), DNA and chlorophyll (Chl) concentrations, pyruvate,Pi dikinase (PPDK) and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activities in ten maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes were investigated. The in vivo degrees of activation of PPDK and RuBPCase were estimated to make meaningful comparisons with CER. In leaves at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 720 micromoles per square meter per second, in vivo PPDK degree of activation was 80% of that of PPDK fully activated in vitro, whereas RuBPCase could not be further activated in vitro, suggesting that RuBPCase was fully activated in vivo. CER varied about 50% among the genotypes tested. Significant genetic differences were observed for the average weight of a cell (estimated by gram fresh weight per milligram DNA), but this character was not correlated with CER expressed on a fresh weight basis. CER was correlated with Chl concentration, and with estimates of the in vivo degree of activation of PPDK and RuBPCase. We concluded that in maize, CER is controlled by the metabolic components of photosynthesis rather than by membrane resistances to CO2. If the latter factor were controlling CER, then smaller cells with higher amounts of exposed cell surface area per unit cell volume would have lower resistance to CO2 diffusion, and therefore higher CER. When data were expressed on a DNA basis (proportional to a per cell basis), results indicated that larger cells (i.e. those with higher fresh weight per milligram DNA) have a higher content of Chl, and higher PPDK and RuBPCase activities, resulting in higher CER than in smaller cells.Recent advances in molecular biology should, in the future, permit modification and/or transfer and expression of specific genes in plants. The genes that should be modified or transferred must be identified in order to use this new technology efficiently.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Relationships between CO₂ Exchange Rates and Activities of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Chlorophyll Concentration, and Cell Volume in Maize Leaves

Baer¹,

Schrader²

1985

Plant Physiol.

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“…2, left). Interveinal distance (106 mm), M thickness (100 mm), BS/M area (0.26), and the resulting BS side (46 mm) were averaged from the literature (Hattersley, 1984;Usuda, 1985;Bongard-Pierce et al, 1996;Moreno-Sotomayor et al, 2002;Kromdijk et al, 2010). Because of the square anatomy, the leaf light environment could be described by two light profiles: P1 and P2.…”

Section: Estimated Ab Bs/mmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Operation of Two Decarboxylases, Transamination, and Partitioning of C4 Metabolic Processes between Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells Allows Light Capture To Be Balanced for the Maize C4 Pathway

2013

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The C 4 photosynthesis carbon-concentrating mechanism in maize (Zea mays) has two CO 2 delivery pathways to the bundle sheath (BS; via malate or aspartate), and rates of phosphoglyceric acid reduction, starch synthesis, and phosphoenolpyruvate regeneration also vary between BS and mesophyll (M) cells. The theoretical partitioning of ATP supply between M and BS cells was derived for these metabolic activities from simulated profiles of light penetration across a leaf, with a potential 3-fold difference in the fraction of ATP produced in the BS relative to M (from 0.29 to 0.96). A steady-state metabolic model was tested using varying light quality to differentially stimulate M or BS photosystems. CO 2 uptake, ATP production rate (J ATP ; derived with a low oxygen/chlorophyll fluorescence method), and carbon isotope discrimination were measured on plants under a low light intensity, which is considered to affect C 4 operating efficiency. The light quality treatments did not change the empirical ATP cost of gross CO 2 assimilation (J ATP /GA). Using the metabolic model, measured J ATP /GA was compared with the predicted ATP demand as metabolic functions were varied between M and BS. Transamination and the two decarboxylase systems (NADP-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) were critical for matching ATP and reduced NADP demand in BS and M when light capture was varied under contrasting light qualities.

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“…Such enablers may include ecological factors, as well as genomic and anatomical properties (10). For optimal functioning of the C 4 pathway, foliar anatomy must be altered to increase the relative proportion of BS cells and reduce the average path length between M and BS cells (12)(13)(14)(15). These modifications guarantee an efficient centripetal increase of CO 2 concentration, but they also imply that C 4 evolution involved many mutations, unless the C 3 ancestors already possessed some C 4 -like anatomical characters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical enablers and the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis in grasses

Christin

Osborne

Chatelet

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

240

254

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C 4 photosynthesis is a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the typical C 3 pathway that increases the productivity of plants in warm, sunny, and dry conditions. Despite its complexity, it evolved more than 62 times independently in flowering plants. However, C 4 origins are absent from most plant lineages and clustered in others, suggesting that some characteristics increase C 4 evolvability in certain phylogenetic groups. The C 4 trait has evolved 22-24 times in grasses, and all origins occurred within the PACMAD clade, whereas the similarly sized BEP clade contains only C 3 taxa. Here, multiple foliar anatomy traits of 157 species from both BEP and PACMAD clades are quantified and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework. Statistical modeling indicates that C 4 evolvability strongly increases when the proportion of vascular bundle sheath (BS) tissue is higher than 15%, which results from a combination of short distance between BS and large BS cells. A reduction in the distance between BS occurred before the split of the BEP and PACMAD clades, but a decrease in BS cell size later occurred in BEP taxa. Therefore, when environmental changes promoted C 4 evolution, suitable anatomy was present only in members of the PACMAD clade, explaining the clustering of C 4 origins in this lineage. These results show that key alterations of foliar anatomy occurring in a C 3 context and preceding the emergence of the C 4 syndrome by millions of years facilitated the repeated evolution of one of the most successful physiological innovations in angiosperm history.precursor | preadaptation | phylogeny | Poaceae

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Characterization of C4 Type Leaf Anatomy in Grasses (Poaceae). Mesophyll: Bundle Sheath Area Ratios

Cited by 119 publications

References 0 publications

Relationships between CO₂ Exchange Rates and Activities of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Chlorophyll Concentration, and Cell Volume in Maize Leaves

Relationships between CO₂ Exchange Rates and Activities of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Chlorophyll Concentration, and Cell Volume in Maize Leaves

The Operation of Two Decarboxylases, Transamination, and Partitioning of C4 Metabolic Processes between Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells Allows Light Capture To Be Balanced for the Maize C4 Pathway

Anatomical enablers and the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis in grasses

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Characterization of C4 Type Leaf Anatomy in Grasses (Poaceae). Mesophyll: Bundle Sheath Area Ratios

Cited by 119 publications

References 0 publications

Relationships between CO2 Exchange Rates and Activities of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Chlorophyll Concentration, and Cell Volume in Maize Leaves

Relationships between CO2 Exchange Rates and Activities of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Chlorophyll Concentration, and Cell Volume in Maize Leaves

The Operation of Two Decarboxylases, Transamination, and Partitioning of C4 Metabolic Processes between Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells Allows Light Capture To Be Balanced for the Maize C4 Pathway

Anatomical enablers and the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis in grasses

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Relationships between CO₂ Exchange Rates and Activities of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Chlorophyll Concentration, and Cell Volume in Maize Leaves

Relationships between CO₂ Exchange Rates and Activities of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase and Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Chlorophyll Concentration, and Cell Volume in Maize Leaves

Anatomical enablers and the evolution of C ₄ photosynthesis in grasses