Geckos use vocalizations for intraspecific communication, but little is known about the organization of their central auditory system. We therefore used antibodies against the calciumbinding proteins calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), and calbindin-D28k (CB) to characterize the gecko auditory system. We also examined expression of both glutamic acid decarboxlase (GAD) and synaptic vesicle protein (SV2). Western blots showed that these antibodies are specific to gecko brain. All three calcium-binding proteins were expressed in the auditory nerve, and CR immunoreactivity labeled the first-order nuclei and delineated the terminal fields associated with the ascending projections from the first-order auditory nuclei. PV expression characterized the superior olivary nuclei, whereas GAD immunoreactivity characterized many neurons in the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and some neurons in the torus semicircularis. In the auditory midbrain, the distribution of CR, PV, and CB characterized divisions within the central nucleus of the torus semicircularis. All three calcium-binding proteins were expressed in nucleus medialis of the thalamus. These expression patterns are similar to those described for other vertebrates.Keywords cochlear nucleus; magnocellularis; laminaris; angularis; torus Over 30 years have passed since Foster and Hall (1978) reported that the ascending auditory pathways of the iguana resemble both the mammalian and the avian auditory pathways, from the level of the first-order neurons in the VIIIth nerve to the telencephalon. They recognized a basic plan for the organization of the auditory system in terrestrial vertebrates but also pointed out that the auditory capacities of the lizards were largely unknown. We now know more about the peripheral (Manley, 1990;Wever, 1978) and central (for reviews see Carr, 1992;Grothe et al., 2005;ten Donkelaar et al., 1987) auditory systems of lizards, but still know little about central auditory processing. We have therefore used Gekko gecko for further analysis of the lizard central auditory system.Geckos are auditory specialists that use vocalizations for intraspecific communication (Marcellini, 1977;Tang et al., 2001). Their ears differ from those of other reptiles such as archosaurs and turtles. Lepidosaur ears are highly directional, with middle ears connected through the mouth cavity (Christensen-Dalsgaard and Manley, 2008). This patent connection enhances the directionality of the ear by allowing sound access to both sides of
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript each tympanic membrane. The acoustically coupled ear creates directional responses from the tympanum Manley, 2005, 2008). Additionally, lizards have independently evolved micromechanical hair cell tuning, permitting emergence of sensitive high-frequency hearing in a specialized region of the papilla (Manley, 2002). Thus lizard auditory systems might reveal specializations for hearing high frequencies and sound localization.We have begun our analysis of liza...