Characterization of CuInSe2 thin films grown by photo-assisted electrodeposition

Glycerol as additive in copper indium gallium diselenide electrodeposition: morphological, structural and electronic effects

“…13,[23][24][25][26] The smallest full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 174 cm À1 peak was observed for the lms 1GLR and 10GLR, evidencing that these had a greater level of bulk crystallinity (the data can be seen in Table 1). For all lms, the presence of a most intense peak at about 174 cm À1 can be evidently observed, which can be attributed to the A 1 symmetry vibrational mode of CIGSe resulting from the Se atom motion in the x-y plane with others atoms at rest.…”

“…13,[23][24][25][26] The smallest full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 174 cm À1 peak was observed for the lms 1GLR and 10GLR, evidencing that these had a greater level of bulk crystallinity (the data can be seen in Table 1). 13,[23][24][25][26] However, this does not mean that these phases are not present; it could be that the high Raman scattering of the majority phase (CIGSe) has suppressed the secondary phases. 23 In Raman spectrum of the lms NADT and 1GLR, a shoulder was also observed at about 154 cm À1 that can be evidence of the formation of ordered vacancies compounds (OVCs) attributed to the existence of complex point defects in the chalcopyrite structure.…”

“…For all lms, the presence of a most intense peak at about 174 cm À1 can be evidently observed, which can be attributed to the A 1 symmetry vibrational mode of CIGSe resulting from the Se atom motion in the x-y plane with others atoms at rest. 13,[23][24][25][26] The smallest full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 174 cm À1 peak was observed for the lms 1GLR and 10GLR, evidencing that these had a greater level of bulk crystallinity (the data can be seen in Table 1). Also, shoulders in the region of 213 to 230 cm À1 were observed, which can be related to the mixing of phonon modes of B 2 and E symmetries of the chalcopyrite phase.…”

“…For all lms, the presence of a most intense peak at about 174 cm À1 can be evidently observed, which can be attributed to the A 1 symmetry vibrational mode of CIGSe resulting from the Se atom motion in the x-y plane with others atoms at rest. 25 Moreover, it should be noted that there is no additional peak at 258 cm À1 related to the presence of a highly conductive Cu x Se phase or presence of bands associated with elemental Se, around 240 cm À1 , which would indicates the lms are suitable for the production of efficient solar cells. Also, shoulders in the region of 213 to 230 cm À1 were observed, which can be related to the mixing of phonon modes of B 2 and E symmetries of the chalcopyrite phase.…”

“…23 In Raman spectrum of the lms NADT and 1GLR, a shoulder was also observed at about 154 cm À1 that can be evidence of the formation of ordered vacancies compounds (OVCs) attributed to the existence of complex point defects in the chalcopyrite structure. 25 Moreover, it should be noted that there is no additional peak at 258 cm À1 related to the presence of a highly conductive Cu x Se phase or presence of bands associated with elemental Se, around 240 cm À1 , which would indicates the lms are suitable for the production of efficient solar cells. 13,[23][24][25][26] However, this does not mean that these phases are not present; it could be that the high Raman scattering of the majority phase (CIGSe) has suppressed the secondary phases.…”