Characterization of gas bubbles injected into molten metals under laminar flow conditions

Andreini, R. J.; Foster, J. S.; Callen, R. W.

doi:10.1007/bf02669340

Cited by 52 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The discussion is based on previous cineradiographic observations of bubbles forming in liquid metal systems [6] systems [2][3][4] J. In the present work, the non-wetting characteristics ofliq uid metals are shown to be of signifificant importance in many metallurgical bubbling systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Recent results obtained by several investigators [2][3][4] are shown in Fig. 1 for six different liquid metals.…”

Section: Constant Frequency Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The work of Andreini, Foster and Callen [4] could not be correlated since outside diameters and ante-chamber volumes were not reported.…”

Section: 34mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work of Sano and Mori [2] relates to upwards facing nozzles, and the others [3,4] to horizontal facing nozzles. Equation (2) represents a combination of three separate…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For equation (4) to satisfy dimensional homogeneity, the factor 0.08 is dimensioned, its value being relevant to the c.g.s. system only.…”

Section: Constant Frequency Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bubbling Behaviour in Molten Metals

Irons¹,

Guthrie²

1980

Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly

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Recent cineradiographic observations of gas injection into liquid metals plus bubble frequency measurements are used to develop a sequential mechanism for bubble growth and release from non-wetted nozzles at low gas flow rates. The bubble volumes at release are consistent with results in iron-carbon alloys over a wide range of variables, and are much larger than would be expected on the basis of aqueous systems. This is because all previous work in aqueous systems has been conducted with wetted nozzles. Paraffin was used as a non-wetting nozzle to simulate pyrometallurgical situations and the bubbles then spread across the nozzles in a similar manner to that for liquid metals. However, bubbles were still much smaller than those found in metallic systems. The implications of these findings on water modelling of pyrometallurgical gas injection operations are discussed.Resume-Des observations cineradiographiques recentes de l'injection de gaz dans les metaux liquides ainsi que des mesures de frequence des bulles sont utilisees pour developper un mecanisme sequentiel de la croissance et du detachement des bulles a partir de l'extremite de lances non-mouillees et pour de faibles debits de gaz. Lors du detachement, les volumes des bulles sont consist ants avec ceux obtenus pour des alliages fer-carbone dans un vaste domaine de variables, et sont beaucoup plus importants que ceux auxquels on pourrait s'attendre en se fondant sur les systemes aqueux. Ceci parce que tous les travaux precedents faits sur les systemes aqueux ont ete conduits avec des extremites de lances mouillees. Pour simuler les conditions pyrometallurgiques, la paraffine fut utilisee comme lance non-mouillante et les bulles s'etendaient alors d'une maniere semblable a celIe observee pour les metaux liquides. Cependant, les bulles etaient encore beaucoup plus petites que celles trouvees dans les systemes metalliques. Les implications de ces resultats sur les modeles a. eau des operations pyrometallurgiques d'injection de gaz sont discutees.Over the past 20 years, a considerable number of studies have been made concerning the formation and release of gas bubbles from nozzles submerged in aqueous and other low temperature liquids. As a result, at least twenty-five models [1] have been developed to account for the phenomena observed. These models have generally included such parameters as inside nozzle diameter, liquid density, viscosity, surface tension, gas velocity and density, on bubble size and frequency.While process metallurgists are also keenly interested in submerged gas bubble/jetting systems because of their importance in pyrometallurgical reactors, the opacity of their melts and the generally high temperature environments have tended to preclude many of the visual observations possible with aqueous systems. As a consequence, and since low temperature aqueous models are so much more convenient and accessible to experimentation, many metallurgical process studies have been made using low temperature analogues.In the present work, mechanisms for bu...

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mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Recent results obtained by several investigators [2][3][4] are shown in Fig. 1 for six different liquid metals.…”

Section: Constant Frequency Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The work of Andreini, Foster and Callen [4] could not be correlated since outside diameters and ante-chamber volumes were not reported.…”

Section: 34mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work of Sano and Mori [2] relates to upwards facing nozzles, and the others [3,4] to horizontal facing nozzles. Equation (2) represents a combination of three separate…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For equation (4) to satisfy dimensional homogeneity, the factor 0.08 is dimensioned, its value being relevant to the c.g.s. system only.…”

Section: Constant Frequency Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bubbling Behaviour in Molten Metals

Irons¹,

Guthrie²

1980

Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly

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Removal of Inclusions in Molten Aluminum by Flux Injection under Counter‐Gravity

Jian-min¹,

Gu²

2013

Light Metals 2013

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Bubble formation and dynamics in a quiescent high‐density liquid

et al. 2015

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Gas bubble formation from a submerged orifice under constant-flow conditions in a quiescent high-density liquid metal, lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), at high Reynolds numbers was investigated numerically. The numerical simulation was carried out using a coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method governed by axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations. The ratio of liquid density to gas density for the system of interest was about 15,261. The bubble formation regimes varied from quasi-static to inertia-dominated and the different bubbling regimes such as period-1 and period-2 with pairing and coalescence were described. The volume of the detached bubble was evaluated for various Weber numbers, We, at a given Bond number, Bo, with Reynolds number Re ) 1. It was found that at high values of the Weber number, the computed detached bubble volumes approached a 3/5 power law. The different bubbling regimes were identified quantitatively from the time evolution of the growing bubble volume at the orifice. It was shown that the growing volume of two consecutive bubbles in the period-2 bubbling regime was not the same whereas it was the same for the period-1 bubbling regime. The influence of grid resolution on the transition from period-1 to period-2 with pairing and coalescence bubbling regimes was investigated. It was observed that the transition is extremely sensitive to the grid size. The transition of period-1 and period-2 with pairing and coalescence is shown on a Weber-Bond numbers map. The critical value of Weber number signalling the transition from period-1 to period-2 with pairing and coalescence decreases with Bond number as We $ Bo 21 , which is shown to be consistent with the scaling arguments. Furthermore, comparisons of the dynamics of bubble formation and bubble coalescence in LBE and water systems are discussed. It was found that in a high Reynolds number bubble formation regime, a difference exists in the transition from period-1 to period-2 with pairing and coalescence between the bubbles formed in water and the bubbles formed in LBE. V C 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3996-4012, 2015

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Characterization of gas bubbles injected into molten metals under laminar flow conditions

Cited by 52 publications

References 12 publications

Bubbling Behaviour in Molten Metals

Bubbling Behaviour in Molten Metals

Removal of Inclusions in Molten Aluminum by Flux Injection under Counter‐Gravity

Bubble formation and dynamics in a quiescent high‐density liquid

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