Characterization of heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions

Lowenthal, Douglas H.; Zielińska, Barbara; Chow, Judith C.; Watson, John G.; Gautam, Mridul; Ferguson, Donald H.; Neuroth, Gary R.; Stevens, Kathy D.

doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90050-7

Cited by 141 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, as shown in Table 2, EF of SO 4 2 − in Zhujiang tunnel (3.87 ± 0.610 mg·veh −1 ·km −1 ) was higher compared to WZS tunnel and KXL tunnel. It was suggested that the content of SO 4 2 − emitted by vehicles was correlated with the sulfur content in fuel, especially in diesel fuel (Lowenthal et al, 1994). Limits of the sulfur content in gasoline and diesel quality standards issued in 2003, around which year Zhujiang tunnel test was conducted, were 800 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively (Yue et al, 2015), which were higher than those issued in 2014 (50 ppm for gasoline, and 350 ppm for diesel) (Yue et al, 2015), when WZS and KXL tunnel test were conducted.…”

Section: Oc and Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition of PM 2.5 from two tunnels with different vehicular fleet characteristics

Cui

Chen

Tian

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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• Composition profiles of PM 2.5 were obtained in smaller city, Yantai.• Characteristics of PM 2.5 were changed by emission standards and fuel policy.• Source profiles of PM 2.5 for gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles were given.• The diesel vehicles play a major role in PM 2.5 emissions in Yantai. The chemical compositions of PM 2.5 including OC, EC, water soluble ions, elements, and organic components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, and steranes, emitted in Wuzushan (WZS) and Kuixinglou (KXL) tunnels were determined. WZS tunnel is a major route for diesel vehicles traveling, while KXL tunnel has limited to diesel vehicles. The results showed that the proportions of the different constituents of PM 2.5 in the Wuzushan (WZS) tunnel were OC (27.7%), EC (32.1%), elements (13.9%), and water soluble ions (9.2%). Whereas the chemical profile of PM 2.5 in the Kuixinglou (KXL) tunnel was OC (17.7%), EC (10.4%), elements (8.90%), and water soluble ions (8.87%). The emission factors (EFs) of PM 2.5 and proportions of SO 4 2− and Pb were decreased by vehicle emission standards and fuel quality policy in China, and the higher molecular weight PAHs (4 + 5 + 6 rings) were more abundant than the lower molecular weight PAHs (2 + 3 rings) in the two tunnels. The proportions of 17A(H)-21B(H)-30-Norhopane and 17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane in the hopane and sterane were not dependent on the vehicles types. In addition, specific composition profiles for PM 2.5 from gasoline-fueled vehicles (GV) G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Contents lists available at ScienceDirectScience of the Total Environment j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s c i t o t e n v and diesel-fueled vehicles (DV) emissions were drafted, which indicated that OC (0.974 mg·veh −1 ·km −1 ) was the most abundant component in PM 2.5 , followed by Fe, Cl − , and Mg for GV. The relative proportions of the different constituents in the PM 2.5 for DV were EC (35.9%), OC (27.2%), elements (12.8%), and water soluble ions (11.7%). Both the PM 2.5 EFs and EC proportions in DV were higher than those in GV, and the HMW PAHs were the dominant PAHs for both GV and DV. The PM 2.5 emissions from the vehicles in Yantai were 581 ± 513 tons to 1353 ± 1197 tons for GV, and 19,627 ± 2477 tons to 23,042 ± 2887 tons for DV, respectively.

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Section: Oc and Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition of PM 2.5 from two tunnels with different vehicular fleet characteristics

Cui

Chen

Tian

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Although gasoline-powered vehicles with effective catalytic converters are generally not significant sources of particulate matter, vehicles that burn oil or run fuel-rich can have very high particle emissions. Visibly smoking vehicles, which are plentiful in the MCMA, can have particulate emission rates comparable to those of diesel-powered vehicles (26)(27)(28)(29), and PAH emission factors are up to 20 times higher for gasoline-powered vehicles without catalytic converters (30). Tunnel studies have shown that heavy-duty diesel trucks have higher emission factors of the four-ring PAHs but that light-duty gasoline-powered vehicles dominate emissions of the five-and six-ring PAHs (31).…”

Section: Pah Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Marr

Grogan

Wöhrnschimmel

et al. 2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

114

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Surface properties of aerosols in the Mexico City metropolitan area have been measured in a variety of exposure scenarios related to vehicle emissions in 2002, using continuous, real-time instruments. The objective of these experiments is to describe ambient and occupational particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations associated with vehicular traffic and facilities using diesel vehicles. Median total particulate PAH concentrations along Mexico City's roadways range from 60 to 910 ng m −3 , averaged over a minimum of 1 h. These levels are approximately 5 times higher than concentrations measured in the United States and among the highest measured ambient values reported in the literature. The ratio of particulate PAH concentration to aerosol active surface area is much higher along roadways and in other areas of fresh vehicle emissions, compared to ratios measured at sites influenced more by aged emissions or noncombustion sources. For particles freshly emitted by vehicles, PAH and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations are correlated because they both originate during the combustion process. Comparison of PAH versus EC and active surface area concentrations at different locations suggests that surface PAH concentrations may diminish with particle aging. These results indicate that exposure to vehicle-related PAH emissions on Mexico City's roadways may present an important public health risk.

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“…Currently, only limited measurements of ECOC for diesel engine emissions exist that utilize the NIOSH and IM-PROVE ECOC measurement techniques. A sample of these measurements, which are shown in Table 3, shows that under standardized driving cycle conditions; the EC to TC ratio of diesel particulate matter is in the range of 0.50-0.80 (Hildemann et al, 1991;Lowenthal et al, 1994;Watson et al, 1998;Cadle et al, 1999;Schauer et al, 1999b). Reported measurements of this nature are not sufficient to elucidate the effect of driving cycle, engine type, engine age, and engine fuel on this ratio but they can be expected to be important factors.…”

Section: Atmospheric Sources Of Elemental Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter

Schauer

2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

219

123

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Elemental carbon (EC) in atmospheric particulate matter originates from a broad range of sources in many urban locations. As health and air quality studies are using elemental carbon measurements to better understand the impact of diesel engines and other combustion sources, there is a great need to clearly understand the relative source contributions to EC concentrations in the atmosphere. However, the different analytical techniques currently used to measure EC do not show good agreement for many particulate matter samples. To this end, studies that use EC as a tracer and integrate different analytical techniques for EC can significantly bias estimates of source contributions to atmospheric particulate matter. In addition, source attribution studies that do not properly address all sources of EC in the atmosphere can also lead to inaccuracies and biases. To better understand the use of EC as a tracer, a review of the distribution of EC in the primary particulate matter emissions from air pollution sources using different analytical methods is discussed. A review of previous apportionment studies of particulate matter is presented to elucidate the fraction of EC that results from emissions from diesel engines in urban locations. These results demonstrate that EC is not a unique tracer for diesel exhaust and efforts to utilize EC as an indicator of diesel exhaust must properly address other sources of EC as well as utilize a consistent measurement technique for EC when comparing source and ambient EC measurements to avoid significant biases.

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Characterization of heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions

Cited by 141 publications

References 10 publications

Chemical composition of PM 2.5 from two tunnels with different vehicular fleet characteristics

Chemical composition of PM 2.5 from two tunnels with different vehicular fleet characteristics

Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter

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