Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Isolates Present in Thompson Seedless Table Grapes in the Central Valley of Chile

Abstract

Botrytis cinerea isolates from flowers and berries of Vitis vinifera ‘Thompson seedless’ (grapevine) were characterized in terms of two transposable elements (TEs) Boty and Flipper, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), infection levels, and resistance to iprodione. The isolates were collected from grapevines under fungicide programs of variable numbers of iprodione applications, and replicated in three Chilean Central Valley locations. Recovery was repeated from clusters collected at four phenological stages. Highest infection levels were found at bloom. Fungicide programs including one iprodione application or a combination of other fungicides were most effective for reducing gray mold symptoms. A total of 457 isolates collected from fungicide programs including only one iprodione application, and the control program, were tested for the presence of TEs. In all locations and during all phenological stages, transposa isolates (containing both TEs) were most common, followed by Boty. Vacuma isolates (containing neither TE) were identified at very low levels in two locations and only in the control treatment, and isolates with only Flipper were not detected at any time or location. Vacuma and Boty isolates were all sensitive to iprodione, while transposa isolates showed a wide range of resistance. Based on response to iprodione, the presence of TEs, and presence of vegetative-incompatibility alleles (Bc-hch), the isolates studied belong to B. cinerea Group II, a phylogenetic species within B. cinerea. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance and genetic diversity analyses of the RAPD genotypes showed a genetic differentiation linked to location, but it was not related to geographic distance. Moreover, a genetic differentiation related to the phenological stage of grapes was also detected.

Characterization of Egyptian <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> Isolates from Different Host Plants

“…The other isolate types found in our samples were: boty isolates (21.2%), flipper isolates (9.1%), and vacuma isolates (6.1%). This result was in agreement with previous studies that had demonstrated the significant predominance of transposa type [19] [45]- [47]. Otherwise, the vacuma isolates had been previously reported as a predominant type in other host plants [37].…”

“…Recently, molecular studies of different nuclear genes have suggested that B. cinerea populations are grouped into two different clades: group I and group II, phylogenetic species [13] [14]. Described group I isolates are exclusively from the vacuma transposon type, while group II can feature transposa, flipper (containing only flipper), boty (containing only boty) or vacuma genotype [8] [9] [13] [15]- [19].…”

“…Previous studies demonstrated that some vacuma isolates were resistant to the hydroxyanilide fungicide, fenhexamid [13] [20] [21], while other studies showed the sensitivity of vacuma isolates [19]. Furthermore, it was thought that B. cinerea had no host specificity [22] [23] as it attacked a wide range of host plants.…”

One stop shop: backbones trees for important phytopathogenic genera: I (2014)

“…Intriguingly, predominance of a certain type appears to be influenced by the host. While on grapes, strawberries and tomatoes, Transposa types are predominant, whereas B. cinerea populations from kiwi and apples are dominated by Vacuma types (Esterio et al 2011;Johnston et al 2013;Muñoz et al 2002;Samuel et al 2012;M. Hahn, unpublished).…”

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea limits grape production in Chile

“…Isolates carrying either Boty or Flipper in the B. cinerea genome have also been described (De Miccolis Angelini et al, 2003;Giraud et al, 1999;Muñoz, et al, 2002). In addition, the presence of Boty and Flipper has been found in Chilean populations of B. cinerea that affect table grapes, and transposa is the most common isolate (Esterio et al, 2011). However, the presence of transposon elements in B. cinerea appears to be independent of the ability of the organism to cause infection (Ciliberti et al, 2015a).…”