Characterization of
            <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>
            Isolated from Oysters

Twedt, Robert M.; Madden, Joseph M.; Hunt, Jan M.; Francis, David; Peeler, James T.; Duran, A. P.; Hebert, W. O.; McCay, Steven G.; Roderick, Charles N.; Spite, George T.; Wazenski, Theodore J.

doi:10.1128/aem.41.6.1475-1478.1981

Cited by 77 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Non-O1 strains are much more commonly isolated from the environment than are O1 strains, even in epidemic settings in which fecal contamination of the environment might be expected. Outside of epidemic areas (and away from areas that may have been contaminated by cholera patients), O1 environmental isolates are almost always CT negative (285,304,375,464). However, it is clear that CT-producing V. cholerae O1 can persist in the environment in the absence of known human disease (78,396,478).…”

Section: Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholera

1995

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Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.

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Section: Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholera

1995

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“…V. cholerae that do not belong to the O1 serogroup, collectively referred to as non-O1 V. cholerae, are ubiquitous residents of aquatic environs [1,2]. In contrast, the isolation of 'culturable' V. cholerae belonging to the O1 serogroup from the environment are few and far between, and those that have been isolated are invariably non-toxigenic [3]. The incidence of 'culturable' toxigenic V. cholerae O1 in aquatic environs coincides with the incidence of active cholera cases in the vicinity or during periods of epidemics [1,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and toxigenicity of Vibrio cholerae in a freshwater lake during the epidemic of cholera caused by serogroup O139 Bengal in Calcutta, India

Ghosh

1994

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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The extent of contamination of a freshwater lake with l/ibrio cholerae O139 Bengal and the toxigenicity of all the V. cholerae isolates recovered during the period of the study were examined during and after an explosive outbreak of O139 cholera in Calcutta. Strains biochemically characterized as V. cholerae could be isolated throughout the period of study examined from the freshwater lake samples. Most probable number of V. cholerae belonging to the O139 serogroup in surface waters was 3 to 4 per 100 ml during major part of the study but isolation of this serogroup from sediment and plankton samples was infrequent. Of the total of 150 strains recovered, 23 (15.3%) agglutinated with the O139 antiserum while the remaining belonged to the non-O1 non-O139 serogroups. None of the strains agglutinated with the O1 antiserum. All the 23 strains of V. cholerae O139 produced cholera toxin while 7.9% of the 127 non-O1 non-O139 strains also produced cholera toxin. Resistance to ampicillin, furazolidone and streptomycin was encountered among strains belonging to both V. cholerae O139 and V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 strains, but the percentage of resistant strains in the former was much higher than in the latter. During this cholera epidemic, possibly due to the introduction of large numbers of toxigenic V. cholerae such as the O139 serogroup, there was an increase in the numbers of toxigenic vibrios among the innocuous aquatic residents. This presumably occurred through genetic exchange and, if substantiated, could play an important role in the re-emergence of epidemics.

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“…It is worth investigating, from the standpoint of public health and food hygiene, CT producing activity of non-O I V. cholerae isolated from various sources. Twedt et al (16), using radioimmunoassay, reported that none of 486 strains isolated from oysters produced CT-like-enterotoxin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Enteropathogenic Mechanism of Non‐O 1 Vibrio cholerae Isolated from the Environment and Fish in Toyama Prefecture

Gyobu

Kodama

Uetake

et al. 1984

Microbiology and Immunology

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Enteropathogenic mechanisms of non-0 I Vibrio cholerae were investigated using strains from the environment and those from fish in Toyama Prefecture.None of the 93 non-0 1 V. cholerae strains produced a detectable level of choleratoxin-like-enterotoxin (CT-like-enterotoxin) in Syncase medium, while 23 strains showed a distinct fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop test (RIL). These RILpositive strains neither produced CT-like-enterotoxin in vitro in the other four kinds of media which are considered suitable for CT production, nor in vivo in the ligated ileal loop. Approximately one-third of RIL-positive strains produced a fluid accumulating factor (FAF) which was not neutralized with anti-CT serum. FAF of a representative strain (Strain 79-9-2) was inactivated by heating at 100 C for 10 min, and has a molecular weight within the range of 50,000 to 100,000 daltons. Most accumulated fluids in RIL after inoculation with whole cultures of RIL-positive strains contained both hemolytic and cytotoxic principles.Desquamation of epithelial cells, inflammatory edema, neutrophile infiltration, loss of goblet cells and frequent hemorrhages were observed in sections of ligated ileal loop inoculated with whole cultures or concentrated culture filtrates of CT-likeenterotoxin-negative but RIL-positive strains. In contrast, neither desquamation of epithelial cells nor hemorrhage was observed in sections after inoculation with those of a CT-like-enterotoxin positive strain (Strain E 8498).These results indicated that most RIL-positive non-0 1 V. cholerae strains from the environment and fish isolated in Toyama Prefecture produce little CT-likeenterotoxin, but some of them produce FAF with cytotoxic activities.Diarrhea accompanied by non-0 1 Vibrio cholerae infection seems to be, in general, milder than that due to 0 1 V. cholerae, although certain strains cause cholera-like illness clinically indistinguishable from each other. Zinnaka and Carpenter (18) and Ohashi et al (12) found that culture filtrates of some non-0 1 strains causing cholera-like illness contain a heat labile permeability factor which is immunologically related to cholera toxin (CT) produced by O 1 strains. Craig et al (1, 17) also found a toxin, similar to CT, in a culture filtrate of non-0 1 strain isolated from fresh water in Louisiana.735

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Characterization of Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Oysters

Cited by 77 publications

References 13 publications

Cholera

Cholera

Incidence and toxigenicity of Vibrio cholerae in a freshwater lake during the epidemic of cholera caused by serogroup O139 Bengal in Calcutta, India

Studies on the Enteropathogenic Mechanism of Non‐O 1 Vibrio cholerae Isolated from the Environment and Fish in Toyama Prefecture

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