Characterization of IgE-binding proteins in the salivary glands of Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Hempolchom, Chayanit; Sookrung, Nitat; Srisuka, Wichai; Reamtong, Onrapak; Sakolvaree, Yuwaporn; Chaicumpa, Wanpen; Dedkhad, Watcharatip; Jariyapan, Narissara; Takaoka, Hiroyuki; Saeung, Atiporn

doi:10.1007/s00436-019-06383-x

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Petechiae may form within the erythema as well [56][57][58]. The hemorrhages and severe inflammatory reactions observed in the present study and by other authors reporting on blackfly infestation cases are the result of extensive damage to the skin and blood vessels caused by the mouth organs of blackflies and the immunomodulatory effect of the components of their saliva [46,51,52,54,55,[59][60][61][62][63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Skin Lesions and Systemic Reactions in Humans Infested by Blackflies (Diptera: Simullidae) in Recreational Areas in Southeastern Poland

Sitarz

Buczek

2021

JCM

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Due to their mass occurrence in some environments and high aggressiveness, blackflies (Simulium spp.) represent the most bothersome arthropods attacking humans. In this study, we describe the medical effects of blackfly infestations in humans in southeastern Poland. Local and systemic reactions to blackfly bites were monitored in 418 patients (61.24% of females and 38.76% of males) of medical centers. Only skin lesions at the site of the bites were found in 88.52% of the patients, whereas accompanying systemic reactions were diagnosed in 11.48%. The most common signs observed in the area of the bites were pruritus (94.74%), burning (55.02%), edema (44.02%), and erythema (40.91%). The skin lesions, which were most often grouped small papules and papular and purpuric lesions with a varied range, typically persisted for several days, or for several weeks in some patients. Statistical analyses confirmed that the persistence of the skin lesions did not depend on the sex of the patients and the number of blackfly infestations. The systemic reactions to the components of the blackfly saliva were manifested by headache, increased body temperature, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, and menstrual disorders in the females. The patients were most often attacked simultaneously by many blackflies on exposed parts of the body, mainly the upper limb, lower limb, head, and neck areas. The investigations indicate that blackflies are an important etiological factor of dermatitis and other symptoms in humans; hence, they should be considered in clinical diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Bleeding from damaged blood vessels in humans may persist for a long time due to the presence of anti-hemostatic components in blackfly saliva [49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Additionally, when scratched, swollen papules and vesicles filled with serous fluid, serous/blood fluid, or blood may bleed for a long time and heal slowly [39,56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Lesions and Systemic Reactions in Humans Infested by Blackflies (Diptera: Simullidae) in Recreational Areas in Southeastern Poland

Sitarz

Buczek

2021

JCM

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“…Antigen 5-related proteins are associated with IgE hypersensitivity responses against both S. vittatum and S. nigrogilvum [25,58], with the S. vittatum protein sharing common IgEbinding epitopes with antigen 5-related proteins from Culicoides nubeculosus [50]. Apyrases/ nucleotidases are ubiquitously found in saliva of haematophagous arthropods.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The saliva injected when blackflies bite causes a pronounced and persistent erythema, together with intense itching and local swelling. Previous studies have demonstrated the occurrence of IgE-mediated allergic dermatitis in horses induced by S. vittatum saliva [24] and IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in humans who exhibited allergic reactions to the bite of S. nigrogilvum [25]. However, no assays have been developed to measure human exposure to simuliid vectors of human onchocerciasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human immune response against salivary antigens of Simulium damnosum s.l.: A new epidemiological marker for exposure to blackfly bites in onchocerciasis endemic areas

et al. 2021

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Background Simulium damnosum sensu lato (s.l.) blackflies transmit Onchocerca volvulus, a filarial nematode that causes human onchocerciasis. Human landing catches (HLCs) is currently the sole method used to estimate blackfly biting rates but is labour-intensive and questionable on ethical grounds. A potential alternative is to measure host antibodies to vector saliva deposited during bloodfeeding. In this study, immunoassays to quantify human antibody responses to S. damnosum s.l. saliva were developed, and the salivary proteome of S. damnosum s.l. was investigated. Methodology/Principal findings Blood samples from people living in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in Ghana were collected during the wet season; samples from people living in Accra, a blackfly-free area, were considered negative controls and compared to samples from blackfly-free locations in Sudan. Blackflies were collected by HLCs and dissected to extract their salivary glands. An ELISA measuring anti-S. damnosum s.l. salivary IgG and IgM was optimized and used to quantify the humoral immune response of 958 individuals. Both immunoassays differentiated negative controls from endemic participants. Salivary proteins were separated by gel-electrophoresis, and antigenic proteins visualized by immunoblot. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was performed to characterize the proteome of S. damnosum s.l. salivary glands. Several antigenic proteins were recognized, with the major ones located around 15 and 40 kDa. LC–MS/MS identified the presence of antigen 5-related protein, apyrase/nucleotidase, and hyaluronidase. Conclusions/Significance This study validated for the first time human immunoassays that quantify humoral immune responses as potential markers of exposure to blackfly bites. These assays have the potential to facilitate understanding patterns of exposure as well as evaluating the impact of vector control on biting rates. Future studies need to investigate seasonal fluctuations of these antibody responses, potential cross-reactions with other bloodsucking arthropods, and thoroughly identify the most immunogenic proteins.

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Black Fly Diversity and Impacts on Human Welfare in Southeast Asia

Pramual

2021

Parasitology Research Monographs

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Characterization of IgE-binding proteins in the salivary glands of Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Skin Lesions and Systemic Reactions in Humans Infested by Blackflies (Diptera: Simullidae) in Recreational Areas in Southeastern Poland

Skin Lesions and Systemic Reactions in Humans Infested by Blackflies (Diptera: Simullidae) in Recreational Areas in Southeastern Poland

Human immune response against salivary antigens of Simulium damnosum s.l.: A new epidemiological marker for exposure to blackfly bites in onchocerciasis endemic areas

Black Fly Diversity and Impacts on Human Welfare in Southeast Asia

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