Characterization of immunoreactive insulin in human saliva: evidence against production in situ

Vallejo, Gonzalo Hernández; Mead, Patricia M; Gaynor, D; Devlin, John T.; Robbins, David C.

doi:10.1007/bf00273907

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The observation that salivary insulin has been shown to increase following an i.v. injection of insulin in humans, dissociated from any rise in blood glucose concentrations (Vallejo et al 1984), supports this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and insulin-like immunoreactivity in saliva following sham-fed and swallowed meals

Messenger¹,

Clifford²,

Morgan³

2003

Journal of Endocrinology

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Gastrointestinal peptides, including insulin, glucagon and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have previously been reported in salivary glands. Recent evidence has suggested they might influence postprandial macronutrient metabolism. This study therefore investigated and compared postprandial hormone concentrations in saliva and plasma to determine whether their secretion was influenced by oral food stimuli. In a within-subject randomised cross-over comparison of hormone concentrations in plasma and saliva following a mixed meal, 12 subjects were given two 1708 kJ mixed meals. On one occasion the meal was chewed and swallowed (swallowed meal), on the other it was chewed and expectorated (sham-fed meal). Salivary and plasma levels of immunoreactive insulin, GIP and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), total protein, -amylase, glucose and nonesterified fatty acid were measured before and for 90 min following the meals. Saliva total protein and -amylase rose following both meals, indicating that the stimulus for salivary protein release is related to the presence of food in the mouth. GLP-1 was not detected in saliva. Fasting salivary insulin levels were lower in saliva than plasma (28 6 vs 40 25 pmol/l respectively). Both increased following the swallowed meal but the rise in saliva was slower and less marked than in plasma (peak levels 96 18 and 270 66 pmol/l for saliva and plasma respectively, P<0·01). Both were unchanged following the sham-fed meal. GIP was detected in saliva. Fasting GIP levels were significantly higher in saliva than plasma (183 23 compared with 20 7 pmol/l, P<0·01). They decreased in saliva following both swallowed and sham-fed meals to nadirs of 117 17 and 71 12 pmol/l respectively, but rose following the swallowed meal to peak levels of 268 66 pmol/l. These findings are consistent with insulin in saliva being an ultrafiltrate of that circulating in blood, but GIP in saliva being the product of local salivary gland synthesis, whose secretion is influenced, directly or indirectly, by oral stimuli. The function of salivary GIP is unknown, but we speculate that it may play a role in the regulation of gastric acid secretion in the fasting state.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and insulin-like immunoreactivity in saliva following sham-fed and swallowed meals

Messenger¹,

Clifford²,

Morgan³

2003

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…The observation that salivary insulin has been shown to increase following an i.v. injection of insulin in humans (Vallejo et al , ) supports this hypothesis. On the other hand, both immunoreactive insulin and insulin mRNA have been found in the SGs of mice (Kerr et al , ) and rats (Taouis et al , ), and immunoreactive insulin secretion from mouse SGs is sensitive to changes in glucose concentrations (Shubnikova et al , ).…”

Section: Gastrointestinal Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Metabolic hormones in saliva: origins and functions

Zolotukhin

2012

Oral Diseases

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The salivary proteome consists of thousands of proteins, which include, among others, hormonal modulators of energy intake and output. Although the functions of this prominent category of hormones in whole body energy metabolism are well characterized, their functions in the oral cavity, whether as a salivary component, or when expressed in taste cells, are less studied and poorly understood. The respective receptors for the majority of salivary metabolic hormones have been also shown to be expressed in salivary glands, taste cells, or other cells in the oral mucosa. This review provides a comprehensive account of the gastrointestinal hormones, adipokines, and neuropeptides identified in saliva, salivary glands, or lingual epithelium, as well as their respective cognate receptors expressed in the oral cavity. Surprisingly, few functions are assigned to salivary metabolic hormones, and these functions are mostly associated with the modulation of taste perception. Because of the well-characterized correlation between impaired oral nutrient sensing and increased energy intake and body mass index, a conceptually provocative point of view is introduced, whereupon it is argued that targeted changes in the composition of saliva could affect whole body metabolism in response to the activation of cognate receptors expressed locally in the oral mucosa.

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“…Low levels of extrapancreatic insulin have been detected in a number of other tissues (17,18) including brain (19), thymus (20 -22), lachrymal glands (23), and salivary glands (24). The role of insulin expression in non-␤-cells is unclear.…”

Section: Insulin Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Insulin Gene Promoters

2006

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DNA sequences that regulate expression of the insulin gene are located within a region spanning ϳ400 bp that flank the transcription start site. This region, the insulin promoter, contains a number of cis-acting elements that bind transcription factors, some of which are expressed only in the ␤-cell and a few other endocrine or neural cell types, while others have a widespread tissue distribution. The sequencing of the genome of a number of species has allowed us to examine the manner in which the insulin promoter has evolved over a 450 million-year period. The major findings are that the A-box sites that bind PDX-1 are among the most highly conserved regulatory sequences, and that the conservation of the C1, E1, and CRE sequences emphasize the importance of MafA, E47/␤2, and cAMP-associated regulation. The review also reveals that of all the insulin gene promoters studied, the rodent insulin promoters are considerably dissimilar to the human, leading to the conclusion that extreme care should be taken when extrapolating rodent-based data on the insulin gene to humans. Diabetes 55:3201-3213, 2006

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Characterization of immunoreactive insulin in human saliva: evidence against production in situ

Cited by 23 publications

References 9 publications

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and insulin-like immunoreactivity in saliva following sham-fed and swallowed meals

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and insulin-like immunoreactivity in saliva following sham-fed and swallowed meals

Metabolic hormones in saliva: origins and functions

Comparative Analysis of Insulin Gene Promoters

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