Characterization of interfacial transition zone of functionally graded materials with graded composition from a single material in electron beam powder bed fusion

Zhou, Jun; Li, Hongxin; Yu, Yefeng; Firouzian, Kevin; Qian, Ya; Lin, Fengxiang

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154774

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The transformation of a digital design to a physical object in AM occurs most commonly via layer-by-layer addition of materials to a 3D space. Although AM constitutes a wide array of technologies, the most common are material extrusion, [256,257] binder jetting, [258,259] vat photopolymerization, [260,261] powder bed fusion, [262,263] directed energy deposition, [264,265] and sheet lamination. [266] Evolving technologies based on these fundamental methods are increasingly capable of multi-material processing to produce complex structures and printing with a wider array of soft materials.…”

Section: Overview Of Fabrication Techniques For Manmade Fgmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Pragya

Ghosh

2023

Advanced Materials

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Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design. Traditionally, hard materials (e.g., metals, ceramics) have been used to design and fabricate FGMs; however, there has been increasing interest in polymer‐based soft and compliant FGMs mainly because of their potential application in the human environment. Soft FGMs are not only ideally suitable to manage interfacial problems in dissimilar materials used in many emerging devices and systems for human interaction, such as soft robotics and electronic textiles and beyond. Soft systems are ubiquitous in our everyday lives; they are resilient and can easily deform, absorb energy and adapt to changing environments. Here, we discuss the basic design and functional principles of biological FGMs and their manmade counterparts using representative examples. The remarkable multifunctional properties of natural FGMs resulting from their sophisticated hierarchical structures, built from a relatively limited choice of materials, offer a rich source of new design paradigms and manufacturing strategies for manmade materials and systems for emerging technological needs. Finally, we highlight the challenges and potential pathways to leverage soft materials' facile processability and unique properties to wards functional FGMs.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Overview Of Fabrication Techniques For Manmade Fgmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Pragya

Ghosh

2023

Advanced Materials

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“…This technique can be further subdivided into electron beam formation (EBF), electron beam selective melting (EBSM), etc. [61,36]. The electron beam AM technique can be used to fabricate FGMs by controlling the ratio of two or more raw materials, which has great advantages in the AM of refractory metals and active metals at high temperatures.…”

Section: Electron Beam Am Techniques For Metal Fgmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The AM techniques of FGMs involves the preparation of a FGM structure with multiple material properties by changing the ratio of the filling materials and process parameters of the accumulation layer. Based on common metal AM techniques, many researchers have reformed/optimized the manufacturing system and carried out extensive research on the AM of metal FGMs with heterogeneous metal materials [31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Large-Scale Metal Functionally Graded Materials

et al. 2022

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs), which constitute a new type of composite material, have received considerable attention in industry because of the spatial gradient of their composition and the microstructure-induced gradient in their material performance, which make them better suited for high-performance multifunctional applications. Additive manufacturing (AM) has become one of the most promising techniques for the manufacture of materials and structures because of its high flexibility. The combination of advanced materials (FGMs) and advanced manufacturing methods (AM) is expected to facilitate the further development of such engineering materials. In this paper, the definition, historical development and material gradient types of FGMs are introduced. The classification, process principle and typical research results of the AM of metal FGMs are summarized and discussed. In particular, the research status of wire and arc additive manufacture (WAAM), which is more suitable for the preparation of large-scale metal FGMs, is reviewed in detail according to the types of FGMs, and a double-wire bypass plasma arc additive manufacturing technique, which is suitable for inducing a gradient along the direction of single-pass cladding, is proposed. On the basis of this summary of the important achievements made to date, future research is proposed.

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“…[5] Since the phase transition temperatures in titanium aluminide alloys-particularly the γ-solvus temperature-are strongly affected by the aluminum content, [1] changes in the aluminum concentration can considerably alter the microstructure formation during subsequent heat treatments. While this effect can be used on purpose to locally adapt the aluminum content by applying different process parameters in different areas of the same component and thus create functionally graded microstructures, [29,[41][42][43] pronounced evaporation may also complicate the adjustment of desired microstructures. Since evaporation occurs preferentially at the top of the melt pool, fluctuations in aluminum content can occur within the individual layers, which may lead to the formation of a banded microstructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Process Parameters at Constant Volumetric Energy Density on Surface Topography and Microstructural Homogeneity of a Titanium Aluminide Alloy

et al. 2023

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In powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, the volumetric energy density E V is a commonly used parameter to quantify process energy input. However, recent results question the suitability of E V as a design parameter, as varying the contributing parameters may yield different part properties. Herein, beam current, scan velocity, and line offset in electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF‐EB) of the titanium aluminide alloy TNM–B1 are systematically varied while maintaining an overall constant E V. The samples are evaluated regarding surface morphology, relative density, microstructure, hardness, and aluminum loss due to evaporation. Moreover, the specimens are subjected to two different heat treatments to obtain fully lamellar (FL) and nearly lamellar (NLγ) microstructures, respectively. With a combination of low beam currents, low‐to‐intermediate scan velocities, and low line offsets, parts with even surfaces, relative densities above 99.9%, and homogeneous microstructures are achieved. On the other hand, especially high beam currents promote the formation of surface bulges and pronounced aluminum evaporation, resulting in inhomogeneous banded microstructures after heat treatment. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the individual parameters instead of E V in process optimization for PBF‐EB.

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Characterization of interfacial transition zone of functionally graded materials with graded composition from a single material in electron beam powder bed fusion

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Large-Scale Metal Functionally Graded Materials

Influence of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Process Parameters at Constant Volumetric Energy Density on Surface Topography and Microstructural Homogeneity of a Titanium Aluminide Alloy

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