Characterization of jet parameters related to cavitation bubble dynamics in a vicinity of a flat liquid-liquid interface

Emulsification mechanism in an ultrasonic microreactor: Influence of surface roughness and ultrasound frequency

“…Recent simulations and experiments have shown that on bubble collapse the jet is directed in the direction of the denser phase [14] , [15] , [17] . These studies focused on the interaction of a single cavitation bubble with an oil droplet where the droplet diameter was an order of magnitude larger than the cavitation bubble diameter.…”

“…Perdih et al proposed an additional step in the emulsification mechanism, which is the formation of a W/O emulsion in the oil phase due to acoustic streaming preceding the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of the oil interface [13] . Further investigations on the role of cavitation bubble collapse in emulsification have shown that the jet-directionality on a bubble collapse is directed from the lighter liquid phase to the denser liquid phase [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] . Furthermore, a bubble collapse in the lighter liquid phase, close to the interface, leads to significant emulsification [14] .…”

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability as one of the key features for fast and efficient emulsification by hydrodynamic cavitation

“…There are many reports on cavitation induced emulsification [10] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [25] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , but the vast majority focuses only to the ultrasonically driven bubble formation [10] , [21] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [38] , [51] . In several of our past studies we scrutinized the interaction of the oil–water interface with the cavitation bubbles [31] , [44] , [52] . We have remedied the established physics and defined a solid foundation for possible future optimization of the ultrasonic emulsification process ( Fig.…”