Characterization of Landfill Gas Composition at the Fresh Kills Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill

Eklund, Bart; Anderson, Eric P.; Walker, Barry L.; Burrows, Don B.

doi:10.1021/es980004s

Cited by 156 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Composition (by volume) However the gas obtained is not clean and contains other minor components such as hydrogen sulphide, organic silicon compounds (siloxanes) and others, that can be dangerous when found in the landfill gas used as fuel [6,7]. Siloxane compounds decompose under high temperature levels in the combustion chamber [8,9], and the landfill gas must be analysed because a small quantity of siloxanes can cause severe damage to the engines when deposited over a longer period [10,11].…”

Section: Componentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of damage caused by siloxanes in stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with landfill gas

Alvarez-Florez

Egusquiza

2015

Engineering Failure Analysis

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Failures in reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with landfill gas are not uncommon. In general, damage is located in the combustion chamber surfaces and in the ring grooves, where a layer of non-volatile combustion products is deposited. These deposits attached to the surfaces reduce heat transfer and increase inner temperature, which produces a knocking phenomena damaging the crank bearings and fusing of the piston head material. Lubrication problems also appear due to the formation of a layer of soft paste silicone deposits in the rings grooves, which increases friction losses and accelerates wear on cylinder and rings. In this paper, some typical examples of damaged engines are presented. The deposits found were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Additionally, the engine oil used was also analysed by Infra-Red Spectrometry (IR) and the results were compared with known organo-compounds. A method to detect incipient failure caused by organo-compounds contained in landfill gas is introduced. Silica appears in the layers covering the combustion chamber, as well as silicone compound in the top cylinder zone, piston and ring grooves. Damage is associated with siloxanes (organo-silicon compounds) contained in the landfill gas, which decompose in the combustion chamber, generating silicic acid and formaldehyde under the high temperature conditions throughout the combustion processes. Dear EditorThank you for agreeing to review the following manuscript, we would like to thank also the reviewers for the previously received comments. We want to extend our appreciation for taking the time and effort necessary to provide such guidance.As suggested by the editor a throughout revision of the paper has been carried out and the comments of the reviewer has been 100 % included in the current version of the manuscript. All changes on the original version of the manuscript appear in red in the current version.The reviewer commented the first half of manuscript, but his recommendations have been extended to the whole manuscript. Reviewer: 1 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS TO THE AUTHOR:The new Research Highlights according the magazine rules has been uploaded. Yours sincerelyJesus Alvarez-Florez *Detailed Response to Reviewers HighlightsThe main types of damage found in ICE using landfill gas have been studied Combustion of fuel with siloxanes produces two types of residues Residues attach to combustion chamber surfaces reducing the heat transfer Residues also attach to piston ring grooves causing lubrication problems A method to prevent damage based in engine oil IR analysis is presented ABSTRACTFailures in reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with landfill gas are not uncommon. In general, damage is located in the combustion chamber surfaces and in the ring grooves, where a layer of non-volatile combustion products is deposited. These deposits attached to the surfaces reduce heat transfer and increase inner temperature, which produces a k...

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Section: Componentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of damage caused by siloxanes in stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with landfill gas

Alvarez-Florez

Egusquiza

2015

Engineering Failure Analysis

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“…These include a factor from a confidential report based on landfill gas flares (EPA, 1991), a factor Although the source for this emission factor is not publicly available and the composition of landfill gas varies, a typical composition could be 56% methane, 37% CO 2 , 1% O 2 , and trace amounts of other gasses (Eklund et al, 1998).…”

Section: Current Pm 25 Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares

McEwen

Johnson

2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

119

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Flaring is a technique used extensively in the oil and gas industry to burn unwanted flammable gases. Oxidation of the gas can preclude emissions of methane (a potent greenhouse gas); however, flaring creates other pollutant emissions such as particulate matter (PM) in the form of soot or black carbon (BC). Currently available PM emission factors for flares were reviewed and found to be questionably accurate, or based on measurements not directly relevant to open-atmosphere flares. In addition, most previous studies of soot emissions from turbulent diffusion flames considered alkene or alkyne based gaseous fuels, and few considered mixed fuels in detail and/or lower sooting propensity fuels such as methane, which is the predominant constituent of gas flared in the upstream oil and gas industry. Quantitative emission measurements were performed on laboratory-scale flares for a range of burner diameters, exit velocities, and fuel compositions. Drawing from established standards, a sampling protocol was developed that employed both gravimetric analysis of filter samples and real-time measurements of soot volume fraction using a laser-induced incandescence (LII) system. For the full range of conditions tested (burner inner diameter [ID] of 12.7-76.2 mm, exit velocity 0.1-2.2 m/sec, 4-and 6-component methane-based fuel mixtures representative of associated gas in the upstream oil industry), measured soot emission factors were less than 0.84 kg soot/10 3 m 3 fuel. A simple empirical relationship is presented to estimate the PM emission factor as a function of the fuel heating value for a range of conditions, which, although still limited, is an improvement over currently available emission factors.Implications: Despite the very significant volumes of gas flared globally and the requirement to report associated emissions in many jurisdictions of the world, a review of the very few existing particulate matter emission factors has revealed serious shortcomings sufficient to suggest that estimates of soot production from flares based on current emission factors should be interpreted with caution. New BC emissions data are presented for laboratory-scale flares in what are believed to be the first such experiments to consider fuel mixtures relevant to associated gas compositions. The empirical model developed from these data is an important step toward being able to better predict and manage BC emissions from flaring.

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“…The large number of VOCs is typical. 14 One recent study reported a total of 140 compounds identified from seven UK sites, of which 90 were common to all sites. 15 The only VOC that was identified in the Vancouver gas, but not widely reported, 16,17 is dichlorotetrafluoroethane, a chemical that is regulated in many countries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The analysis of volatile trace compounds in landfill gases, compost heaps and forest air

Maillefer

Lehr

Cullen

2003

Applied Organom Chemis

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Landfill gas, cryotrapped on a loop fashioned from a length of a capillary gas chromatography (GC) column, was examined for volatile organometallic compounds (VOMCs) and for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by using GC±mass spectrometry (MS). A large number of organic components were present and many were identified, but the only VOMCs present in high enough concentrations to be detected were trimethylstibine and tetramethyltin. The use of inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS as an element-specific detector allowed the identification of a number of other organometallic species in the landfill gas, including trimethylarsine and trimethylbismuth, and, for the first time, butyltrimethyltin and dibutyldimethyltin. The presence of molybdenum hexacarbonyl was confirmed. Gas from a large-scale compost heap and from compost incubated in the laboratory contained iodomethane but no common VOMCs (GC±ICP-MS). Only VOCs were present in forest air (GC±MS).

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Characterization of Landfill Gas Composition at the Fresh Kills Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill

Cited by 156 publications

References 4 publications

Analysis of damage caused by siloxanes in stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with landfill gas

Analysis of damage caused by siloxanes in stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with landfill gas

Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares

The analysis of volatile trace compounds in landfill gases, compost heaps and forest air

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