Characterization of lead (Ⅱ)-containing activated carbon and its excellent performance of extending lead-acid battery cycle life for high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

Tong, Pengyang; Zhao, Ruirui; Zhang, Rongbo; Yi, Fenyun; Shi, Guang; Li, Aiju; Chen, Hongyu

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.150

Cited by 84 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Please do not adjust marginsPlease do not adjust margins directly related to the formation of PbSO 4 on the electrode surface, as supported by our SEM observation as well as in the reported literature 5,11,14,16. In addition, we assume that thesurface coverage of PbSO 4 on the Pb/PbG electrode surface could also affect the charge and discharge performance of the cell.…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

Enhanced cycle life of lead-acid battery using graphene as a sulfation suppression additive in negative active material

et al. 2015

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In this article, we report the addition of graphene (Gr) to negative active materials (NAM) of lead-acid batteries (LABs) for sulfation suppression and cycle-life extension. Our experimental results show that with an addition of only a fraction of a percent of Gr, the partial state of charge (PSoC) cycle life is significantly improved by more than 140% from 7,078 to 17,157 cycles. The particle size on a charged Pb-graphene (PbG) plate after the PSoC test is also found to be reduced by around 25% when compare with a Pb plate. Charge and discharge densities measurements from the cyclic voltammetry (CV) test show an enhancement with the addition of Gr, indicating an improvement in the reversibility reaction of PbSO4. An electrochemical model, which takes into account of reduced interfacial resistance, improved charge transfer and enhanced electroactive surface area, is proposed to elucidate the role of Gr throughout the course of a PSoC cycle test. It is demonstrated that experimental results are aligned with our proposed model with enhanced cycle life performance, where PbG plate maintains a higher electroactive surface area for adsorption and desorption of Pb 2+ ions at the interface between active material and electrolyte occurs in parallel to reduced charge transfer.

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confidence: 90%

Enhanced cycle life of lead-acid battery using graphene as a sulfation suppression additive in negative active material

et al. 2015

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“…The improvement of capacity and cyclic performance of the cell is attributed to the nanoscale dimension of the MWCNTs as additive, which can improve the electronic conductivity and morphological stability in high-rate discharge. Therefore, the carbon materials added to the negative plate can improve the electric conductivity and act as electrocatalyst [76]. Thus, an effective network percolation is formed [117].…”

Section: Research Efforts On Suppressing Irreversible Sulfationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The linear sweep voltammetry curves ( Figure 16; [123]) of various electrodes show that carbon added to negative electrode will exacerbate the hydrogen evolution. These may lead to the carbon floatation and carbon penetration phenomenon [76]. These may lead to the carbon floatation and carbon penetration phenomenon [76].…”

Section: The Drawbacks Of Carbon In Negative Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When LAB is operated continuously under partial state of charge (PSoC) and experiences charge and discharge process under HRPSoC cycling and deep cycle use, the negative electrode takes over from the positive as the lifelimiting element [74]. PbSO 4 will quickly accumulate on the surface of negative electrode [75], which cannot be converted efficiently back to Pb during charge [76]. The accumulation of PbSO 4 reduces the effective reaction area of negative electrodes, makes the charge and discharge processes of the negative electrodes difficult, and finally leads to battery failure [77].…”

Section: Irreversible Sulfation Of Negative Electrodementioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on the research of failure modes and mechanism for lead-acid batteries

Yang

Wang

et al. 2016

Int. J. Energy Res.

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Summary The lead–acid battery (LAB) has been one of the main secondary electrochemical power sources with wide application in various fields (transport vehicles, telecommunications, information technologies, etc.). It has won a dominating position in energy storage and load‐leveling applications. However, the failure of LAB becomes the key barrier for its further development and application. Therefore, understanding the failure modes and mechanism of LAB is of great significance. The failure modes of LAB mainly include two aspects: failure of the positive electrode and negative electrode. The degradations of active material and grid corrosion are the two major failure modes for positive electrode, while the irreversible sulfation is the most common failure mode for the negative electrode. Introduction of carbon materials to the negative electrodes of LAB could suppress sulfation problem and enhance the battery performance efficiently. This paper will attempt here to pull together observations made by previous research to obtain a more comprehensive and integrative view of LAB failure modes. Moreover, according to a detail investigation to the battery market, we have drawn an objective and optimistic conclusion of LAB prospect. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…6,7,[9][10][11]13,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Researchers have hypothesized that carbon contributes in one or more different aspects of battery performance. Chemical reactivity and surface area are important if the material is electrochemically active.…”

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confidence: 99%

Understanding Function and Performance of Carbon Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

Enos

Ferreira

Barkholtz

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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While the low cost and strong safety record of lead-acid batteries make them an appealing option compared to lithium-ion technologies for stationary storage, they can be rapidly degraded by the extended periods of high rate, partial state-of-charge operation required in such applications. Degradation occurs primarily through a process called hard sulfation, where large PbSO 4 crystals are formed on the negative battery plates, hindering charge acceptance and reducing battery capacity. Various researchers have found that the addition of some forms of excess carbon to the negative active mass in lead-acid batteries can mitigate hard sulfation, but the mechanism through which this is accomplished is unclear. In this work, the effect of carbon composition and morphology was explored by characterizing four discrete types of carbon additives, then evaluating their effect when added to the negative electrodes within a traditional valve-regulated lead-acid battery design. The cycle life for the carbon modified cells was significantly larger than an unmodified control, with cells containing a mixture of graphitic carbon and carbon black yielding the greatest improvement. The carbons also impacted other electrochemical aspects of the battery (e.g., float current, capacity, etc.) as well as physical characteristics of the negative active mass, such as the specific surface area. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are a mature rechargeable energy storage technology. Low initial cost, well-established manufacturing base, proven safety record, and exceptional recycling efficiency make VRLA batteries a popular choice for emerging energy storage needs.1,2 VRLA batteries are employed in stationary storage applications such as: utility ancillary regulation services, wind farm energy smoothing, and solar photovoltaic energy smoothing.3 Stationary applications may require short duration, high-rate, and partial state-of-charge cycling (HRPSoC). 4 Under HRPSoC duty, conventional VRLA cells fail prematurely from irreversible PbSO 4 formation within the negative plates.5 Regular cycling to 100% state-of-charge (SoC) mitigates PbSO 4 crystal formation and growth. However, regularly cycling to 100% SoC is not viable for many stationary storage applications. Large PbSO 4 crystals are not easily reduced back to metallic lead during HRPSoC charging, reducing cycle life. Reduced cycle life of VRLA batteries increases the operating cost, thereby limiting their practicality for stationary applications.VRLA battery HRPSoC cycle life can be increased with carbon modification of the negative active material (NAM).6-10 Adding carbon to the negative plate inhibits PbSO 4 crystal formation and/or limits PbSO 4 crystal growth.11-13 The underlying mechanism responsible for reducing PbSO 4 formation/accumulation is dependent on the size of the PbSO 4 crystallites. Controlling PbSO 4 microstructure has been found to be difficult while maintaining low cost. Other methods exist to limit PbSO 4 crystal size; including utilization of a carbon honeyco...

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Characterization of lead (Ⅱ)-containing activated carbon and its excellent performance of extending lead-acid battery cycle life for high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

Cited by 84 publications

References 23 publications

Enhanced cycle life of lead-acid battery using graphene as a sulfation suppression additive in negative active material

Enhanced cycle life of lead-acid battery using graphene as a sulfation suppression additive in negative active material

Review on the research of failure modes and mechanism for lead-acid batteries

Understanding Function and Performance of Carbon Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

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