Characterization of Metabolites during Biodegradation of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX) with Municipal Anaerobic Sludge

Hawari, Jalal; Halasz, Annamaria; Sheremata, Tamara W.; Beaudet, Sylvie; Groom, Carl A.; Paquet, Louise; Rhofir, Chakib; Ampleman, Guy; Thiboutot, Sonia

doi:10.1128/aem.66.6.2652-2657.2000

Cited by 209 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We did not observe TNX or hydroxylaminodinitroso-RDX, compounds previously observed with this culture [14]. Presumably the ring was destabilized, resulting in the formation of small molecular weight compounds that were further metabolized by the mixed culture [7,9]. There was no loss of RDX in the butyrate amended bottles, indicating the stability of the RDX ring under anaerobic conditions in the absence of a suitable electron donor.…”

Section: Biotransformation Of Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen

Adrian

Arnett

Hickey³

2003

Water Research

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The anaerobic biodegradation of 3,3, octahydrol,3,5,3,5,, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by a methanogenic mixed culture was investigated. Microcosms containing a basal medium and the mixed culture were amended with ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), butyrate or hydrogen gas as the electron donor and a mixture of TNT (50 \iM), RDX (25 |JM), and HMX (8 pM). After 29 days, TNT and RDX were completely transformed to unidentified end products in the bottles amended with ethanol, hydrogen, or PQ while 53%, 40%, and 22% of the HMX was transformed, respectively There was no loss of RDX or HMX in the electron donor unamended control bottles. The ethanol and PG were transformed to near stoichiometric amounts of acetate and propionate, suggesting the immediate electron donor supporting the transformation of the H2 or electron donors that produce H2 may be a useful strategy for enhancing the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives in contaminated groundwater and soils.DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN IT IS NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. AbstractThe anaerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoIuene (TNT) by a methanogenic mixed culttire was investigated. Microcosms containing a basal medium and the mixed culture were amended with ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), butyrate or hydrogen gas as the electron donor and a mixture of TNT (50 ^M), RDX (25 ^M), and HMX (8 ^M). After 29 days TNT and RDX were completely transformed to unidentified endproducts in the bottles amended with ethanol, hydrogen, or PG, while 53%, 40%, and 22% of the HMX was transformed, respectively. There was no loss of RDX or HMX in the electron donor unamended control bottles. The ethanol and PG were transformed to near stoichiometric amounts of acetate and propionate, suggesting the immediate electron donor supporting the transformation of the explosives was the H2 evolved during the metaboUsm of the parent substrate. Our findings suggest that the addition of H2 or electron donors that produce H2 may be a useful strategy for enhancing the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives in contaminated groundwater and soils. Pubhshed by Elsevier Science Ltd.

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Section: Biotransformation Of Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…However, most studies have been carried out under poorly defined conditions with respect to the electron donors and acceptors. of RDX in nutrient broth [7], yeast extract medium [8], and municipal sludge [9]. HMX, although more resistant to degradation than RDX, was also biodegraded in a yeast extract medium [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen

Adrian

Arnett

Hickey³

2003

Water Research

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“…Mulch has advantages over other electron donors: it is cheaply available, long-lasting (Melillo et al, 1982;Schoemaker et al, 1985;Duryea et al, 1999;Aziz et al, 2001;Lynd et al, 2002), and is naturally present in the environment. Biological reduction of aquifer RDX and HMX contamination (McCormick et al, 1981;Hawari et al, 2000) can be stimulated by allowing contaminated groundwater to pass through an in situ mulch permeable reactive barrier (PRB) that acts as a slow-release source of soluble carbon electron donor. Mulch PRBs operate passively and, therefore, require no aboveground injection system, greatly reducing operating and maintenance costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remediation of RDX- and HMX-contaminated groundwater using organic mulch permeable reactive barriers

Ahmad¹,

Schnitker

Newell³

2007

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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Organic mulch is a complex organic material that is typically populated with its own consortium of microorganisms. The organisms in mulch breakdown complex organics to soluble carbon, which can then be used by these and other microorganisms as an electron donor for treating RDX and HMX via reductive pathways. A bench-scale treatability study with organic mulch was conducted for the treatment of RDX-and HMX-contaminated groundwater obtained from a plume at the Pueblo Chemical Depot (PCD) in Pueblo, Colorado. The site-specific cleanup criteria of 0.55 ppb RDX and 602 ppb HMX were used as the logical goals of the study. Column flow-through tests were run to steady-state at the average site seepage velocity, using a 70%:30% (vol.:vol.) mulch:pea gravel packing to approach the formation's permeability. Significant results included: (1) Complete removal of 90 ppb influent RDX and 8 ppb influent HMX in steady-state mulch column effluent; (2) pseudo-first-order steady-state kinetic rate constant, k, of 0.20 to 0.27 h − 1 based on RDX data, using triplicate parallel column runs;(3) accumulation of reduced RDX intermediates in the steady-state column effluent at less than 2% of the influent RDX mass; (4) no binding of RDX to the column fill material; and (5) This article is a U.S. government work, and is not subject to copyright in the United States.be used to design and implement a pilot-scale organic mulch/pea gravel permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at the site.

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“…Recently, Hawari et al (2000) showed that at least two degradation routes were involved in the disappearance of RDX. In the first route, RDX was reduced to the familiar nitroso derivatives, in the second route, methylenedinitramine and bis(hydroxymethyl)nitramine were formed.…”

Section: Anaerobic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds

Snellinx

Nepovím

Taghavi

et al. 2002

Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res

118

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Abstract. Nitroaromatics form an important group of recalcitrant xenobiotics. Only few aromatic compounds, bearing one nitro group as a substituent of the aromatic ring, are produced as secondary metabolites by microorganisms. The majority of nitroaromadc compounds in the biosphere are industrial chemicals such as explosives, dyes, polyurethane foams, herbicides, insecticides and solvents. These compounds are generally recalcitrant to biological treatment and remain in the biosphere, where they constitute a source of pollution due to both toxic and mutagenic effects on humans, fish, algae and microorganisms. However, relatively few microorganisms have been described as being able to use nitroaromatic compounds as nitrogen and/or carbon and energy source. The best-known nitroaromatic compound is the explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene). This article reviews the bioremediation strategies for TNT-contaminated soil and water. It comes to the following conclusion: The optimal remediation strategy for nitroaromatic compounds depends on many site-specific factors. Composting and the use of reactor systems lend themselves to treating soils contaminated with high levels of explosives (e.g. at former ammunition production facilities, where areas with a high contamination level are common). Compared to composting systems, bioreactors have the major advantage of a short treatment time, but the disadvantage of being more labour intensive and more expensive. Studies indicate that biological treatment systems, which are based on the activity of the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium or on Pseudomonas sp. ST53, might be used as effective methods for the remediation of highly contaminated soil and water. Phytoremediation, although not widely used now, has the potential to become an important strategy for the remediation of soil and water contaminated with explosives. It is best suited where contaminant levels are low (e.g. at military sites where pollution is rather diffuse) and where larger contaminated surfaces or volumes have to be treated. In addition, phytoremediation can be used as a polishing method after other remediation treatments, such as composting or bioslurry, have taken place. This in-situ treatment method has the advantage of lower treatment costs, but has the disadvantage of a considerable longer treatment time. In order to improve the cost-efficiency, phytoremediation of nitroaromatics (and other organic xenobiotics) could be combined with bio-energy production. This requires, however, detailed knowledge on the fate of the contaminants in the plants as well as the development of efficient treatment methods for the contaminated biomass that minimise the spreading of the contaminants into the environment during post harvest treatment.

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Characterization of Metabolites during Biodegradation of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine (RDX) with Municipal Anaerobic Sludge

Cited by 209 publications

References 37 publications

Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen

Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen

Remediation of RDX- and HMX-contaminated groundwater using organic mulch permeable reactive barriers

Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds

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