Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (AQ-2-COOH) deposited from acetone solutions onto native oxide surfaces of Al films was characterized by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These surface analyses show that AQ-2-COOH is adsorbed on the oxide as both a uniform film of anions on a nanometer scale and micron-sized particles of neutral molecules.IETS is a unique analytical technique of a thin (nm) insulator film of a metal/insulator/metal (MIM) tunneling junction and reveals the vibrational spectrum of the insulator at cryogenic temperatures.1-3 The high sensitivity and resolution as well as the wide spectral range enable us to obtain a detailed vibrational spectrum of adsorbed species on the oxide surface of the metal electrode. Aluminum is widely used as the metal electrode because of chemical, physical, and electric stability of the oxide.
1-3Thus, IETS is a powerful surface analytical technique and has been used in many fields of chemistry. [1][2][3] In the present letter, we report the tunneling spectra of AQ-2-COOH on the oxide surfaces of Al films for the first time. The tunneling spectra were compared with the vibrational spectra of AQ-2-COOH on Ag 4,5 and Au 6 by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIR). The adsorption state and the morphology of AQ-2-COOH on the oxide surfaces of Al films were also investigated by XPS and AFM, respectively. Aluminum (99.999%) was evaporated on a glass slide (13 Â 37 Â 1 mm 3 ) at room temperature to form strips (1 mm wide) in a high vacuum (10 À3 Pa) and the surfaces were oxidized to form the oxide (alumina) in an oxygen dc glow discharge. One drop of acetone solutions (0.01-0.02 mg mL À1 ) of AQ-2-COOH (Tokyo Kasei, >99:0%) was dropped on the strips and excess solution was spun off. The junctions were completed with an evaporated Pb cross strip (1 mm wide). Tunneling spectra were measured at the liquid-helium temperature (4.2 K) with the tunneling spectrometer already reported.2,3 Aluminum was evaporated on mica sheets (13 Â 13 Â 0:1 mm 3 ) and the surfaces were also oxidized. AQ-2-COOH was deposited on the alumina surfaces from acetone solutions of 0.01-0.10 mg mL À1 at room temperature by the spin doping. 7,8 The deposited AQ-2-COOH was investigated by XPS (Shimadzu ESCA-1000, Mg K radiation) 8 and AFM (Digital Instruments NanoScope III, contact mode).
7,8The tunneling spectrum of AQ-2-COOH doped from an acetone solution (0.02 mg mL À1 ) and that of the alumina doped from acetone are shown in Figure 1. The spectrum of the acetone-doped alumina is identical to that of undoped alumina, [1][2][3] showing that acetone is an appropriate solvent for measuring the tunneling spectra of AQ-2-COOH on alumina. Though the tunneling spectrum of AQ-2-COOH shows the peak of the quinone carbonyl groups (C=O) at 1630 cm À1 , it shows no peaks of the carboxylic acid group. On the other hand, it has the peak of the symmetrical stretching mode of the carboxylate group ( s COO À ) at 1390 cm À1...