Characterization of oral microbiota and acetaldehyde production

Yokoyama, Shigeyuki; Takeuchi, Kenji; Shibata, Yukie; Kageyama, Shinya; Matsumi, Rie; Takeshita, Toru; Yamashita, Yoshihisa

doi:10.1080/20002297.2018.1492316

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Therefore, Neisseria species might be associated with DTC due to the production of acetaldehyde in the oral cavity after alcohol consumption. However, our previous study suggested that their phenotypes in vitro do not necessarily reflect their behavior in vivo because of interactions in the bacterial community (Yokoyama et al, 2018). To elucidate the acetaldehyde-mediated carcinogenesis, further comprehensive studies of these Neisseria species in vitro and in vivo are required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the Salivary Microbiota in Patients With Various Digestive Tract Cancers

et al. 2019

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The salivary microbiota is constantly swallowed and delivered to the digestive tract. These bacteria may be associated with gastrointestinal diseases. This case-control study examined the salivary microbiota in patients with digestive tract cancer (DTC) and evaluated their differential distribution based on the cancer sites. We collected saliva samples from 59 patients with cancer in any part of the digestive tract (tongue/pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and large intestine) and from 118 age- and sex-matched control subjects. There was no significant difference in periodontal status between DTC patients and control subjects ( P = 0.72). We examined the bacterial diversity and composition in saliva by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Salivary bacterial diversity in DTC patients was significantly higher than that in control subjects [number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), P = 0.02; Shannon index, P < 0.01; Chao1, P = 0.04]. Eleven differentially abundant OTUs in DTC patients were identified using the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) method. Based on the cancer sites, the diversity of salivary bacteria was especially higher in tongue/pharyngeal or esophageal cancer patients than in control subjects. Among the 11 differentially abundant OTUs in DTC patients, an OTU corresponding to Porphyromonas gingivalis was more abundant in the saliva of all groups of DTC patients compared to that in control subjects, and an OTU corresponding to Corynebacterium species was more abundant in all groups other than gastric cancer patients ( P < 0.01). In addition, the relative abundances of OTUs corresponding to Fusobacterium nucleatum , Streptococcus parasanguinis II, and Neisseria species were significantly higher in tongue/pharyngeal cancer patients compared to their abundances in control subjects ( P < 0.01). The relative abundance of an OTU corresponding to the Neisseria species was also significantly higher in gastric cancer patients and that of an OTU corresponding to Actinomyces odontolyticus was significantly higher in colorectal cancer patients ( P < 0.01). These results suggest that the salivary microbiota might be associated with various digestive tract cancers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the Salivary Microbiota in Patients With Various Digestive Tract Cancers

et al. 2019

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“…Individual characteristics of thousands of different microbial strains play a key role in the regulation of salivary ACH concentrations in the presence of ethanol (Table 3). Based on 100 saliva samples of healthy volunteers, a 30-fold range in the ability of oral microbes to produce ACH from ethanol has been demonstrated [21]. This explains at least in part the high individual variation in salivary ACH concentrations after alcohol ingestion.…”

Section: Major Factors Affecting Salivary Ach Levelsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Local Acetaldehyde: Its Key Role in Alcohol-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer

Salaspuro¹

2020

Visc Med

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Background: Alcohol consumption and ethanol in alcoholic beverages are group 1 carcinogens, that is, carcinogenic to humans. However, ethanol itself is neither genotoxic nor mutagenic. Based on unique gene-epidemiologic and gene-biochemical evidence, the first metabolite of ethanol oxidation – acetaldehyde (ACH) – acts as a local carcinogen in the oropharynx. This review is focused on those facts, which highlight the importance of the oropharynx and local ACH in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related oropharyngeal cancer. Summary: The strongest evidence for the local carcinogenicity of ACH in man provides a point mutation in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene, which has randomized millions of alcohol consumers to markedly increased ACH exposure via saliva. This novel human cancer model is associated with manifold risk for oropharyngeal cancer and most importantly it is free from confounding factors markedly hampering epidemiological studies on alcohol-related cancer. The oropharynx is an ideal target organ for the cancer risk assessment of ACH. There is substantial epidemiological data on alcohol-related oropharyngeal cancer risk and also on salivary ACH concentrations among major risk groups for oropharyngeal cancer. Normal human saliva does not contain measurable levels of ACH. However, alcohol ingestion results within seconds in a concentration-dependent accumulation of ACH in saliva, which continues for up to 10–15 min after each sip of alcoholic beverage. This instant ACH exposure phase is followed by a long-term phase derived from ethanol diffused back to saliva from blood circulation. Microbes representing normal oral flora play a major role in local ACH formation from ethanol. In ALDH2-deficient subjects excess ACH during the long-term ACH exposure phase is most probably derived from salivary glands. Key Message: ALDH2 gene mutation proves the causal relationship between local ACH exposure via saliva and oropharyngeal cancer and provides new means for the quantitative assessment of local ACH exposure in relation to oropharyngeal cancer risk. Instant ACH formation from ethanol represents approximately 70–100% of total local ACH exposure. Ethanol present in “non-alcoholic” beverages and food forms an epidemiological bias in studies on alcohol-related upper digestive tract cancer. Responses: One should quit smoking, adopt sensible drinking habits, and maintain good oral hygiene. Genetic risk groups could be screened and educated. Consumption of beverages and foodstuffs containing low ethanol levels as well as alcoholic beverages containing high ACH levels should be minimized. To that aim, labelling of alcohol and ACH concentrations of all beverages and foodstuffs should be mandatory.

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“…Neisseria species are highly abundant in the human oral cavity and have been detected in, for instance, saliva, plaque, mucosal surfaces in the mouth, and teeth, and Neisseria has been regarded as part of the ''core microbiome'' of the healthy human oral cavity (Keijser et al, 2008;Zaura et al, 2009). It has previously been shown that Neisseria is able to produce the carcinogenic organic compound acetaldehyde; however, it is not clear if in vivo production of acetaldehyde by Neisseria is related to carcinogenesis (Muto et al, 2000;Yokoyama et al, 2018 Article gammaherpesvirus are all related to the oral cavity, and some are implicated in oral cancer or oral leukoplakia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

sMETASeq: Combined Profiling of Microbiota and Host Small RNAs

et al. 2020

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Understanding microbial communities' roles in human health and disease requires methods that accurately characterize the microbial composition and their activity and effects within human biological samples. We present sMETASeq (small RNA Metagenomics by Sequencing), a novel method that uses sequencing of small RNAs to jointly measure host small RNA expression and create metagenomic profiles and detect small bacterial RNAs. We evaluated the performance of sMETA-Seq on a mock bacterial community and demonstrated its use on different human samples, including colon cancer, oral leukoplakia, cervix cancer, and a panel of human biofluids. In all datasets, the detected microbes reflected the biology of the different sample types.

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Characterization of oral microbiota and acetaldehyde production

Cited by 30 publications

References 28 publications

Characteristics of the Salivary Microbiota in Patients With Various Digestive Tract Cancers

Characteristics of the Salivary Microbiota in Patients With Various Digestive Tract Cancers

Local Acetaldehyde: Its Key Role in Alcohol-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer

sMETASeq: Combined Profiling of Microbiota and Host Small RNAs

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