Characterization of paint and varnish on a medieval Coptic-Byzantine icon: Novel usage of dammar resin

Byzantine wall paintings from Kastoria, northern Greece: Spectroscopic study of pigments and efflorescing salts

“…Other greenish clay minerals that may be included in green earths pigments are smectites, chlorites, serpentines and pyroxenes [24,26]. The attribution of green colour to various mixtures of organic and inorganic compounds, other than the so-called green earths has also been demonstrated by Abdel-Ghania et al [12], and agrees with our findings. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that in our study we only had the opportunity to analyse one green coloured sample.…”

“…Three inorganic red pigments played an important role in medieval times: hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), vermilion (HgS) and minium (Pb 3 O 4 ) [5,[10][11][12][13]. The red colour found on the painted surfaces of our samples is mainly attributed to Fe-rich minerals or cinnabar (HgS).…”

A multi-technique characterization and provenance study of the pigments used in San rock art, South Africa

“…5) which are from calcium oxalates and gypsum. The first two peaks correspond to an amorphous carbon which cannot be bone black or ivory black because, in these cases, a peak also appears around 960 cm À1 , corresponding to residual phosphate (PO 3 4À ) coming from the apatite (Abdel-Ghani et al 2009). This indicates that the amorphous carbon must be either charcoal or lampblack, also called carbon black.…”

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy analysis of the 17th century panel painting ‘Servilius Appius’ by Isaac van den Blocke

“…, SA.1.3.a trace) and red pigment vermilion [HgS] (at 254, 287, and 344 cm −1 ), (Fig. , SA.1.3.b trace) . The OM study under VIS and UV light of the gray underpainting layer indicated the presence of the characteristic, coarsely ground angular particles of blue pigment smalt [CoO· n SiO 2 ], (cobalt‐containing potash glass), whereas the Raman analysis did not reveal any significant bands characteristic of this material.…”

“…Furthermore, the Raman analysis of the blue layer (Fig. , SA.5.4 trace) identified the finely ground blue pigment azurite [2CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2 ], which produced an intense 401 cm −1 Raman signal and a set of characteristic weak bands at 1574, 1426, 1093, 251, and 173 cm −1 with concomitant lead white pigment (at 1046 cm −1 ). The blue pigment azurite emits fluorescence under UV light (Fig.…”