Characterization of pandemic influenza immune memory signature after vaccination or infection

Abstract

The magnitude, quality, and maintenance of immunological memory after infection or vaccination must be considered for future design of effective influenza vaccines. In 2009, the influenza pandemic produced disease that ranged from mild to severe, even fatal, illness in infected healthy adults and led to vaccination of a portion of the population with the adjuvanted, inactivated influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine. Here, we have proposed a multiparameter quantitative and qualitative approach to comparing adaptive immune memory to influenza 1 year after mild or severe infection or vaccination. One year after antigen encounter, severely ill subjects maintained high levels of humoral and polyfunctional effector/memory CD4 + T cells responses, while mildly ill and vaccinated subjects retained strong cellular immunity, as indicated by high levels of mucosal homing and degranulation markers on IFN-γ + antigen-specific T cells. A principal component analysis distinguished 3 distinct clusters of individuals. The first group comprised vaccinated and mildly ill subjects, while clusters 2 and 3 included mainly infected individuals. Each cluster had immune memory profiles that differed in magnitude and quality. These data provide evidence that there are substantial similarities between the antiinfluenza response that mildly ill and vaccinated individuals develop and that this immune memory signature is different from that seen in severely ill individuals.

Antibodies against 1940s era a/H1N1 influenza strains a/Weiss/43 and a/FM/1/47 and heterotypic responses after seasonal vaccination of an elderly Spanish population

“…The results of our work demonstrate that serologic protection against influenza viruses can persists for many years. Consistent with other reports [27,28], our data suggest that past infections could protect a large part of the population throughout their lives.…”

Comparative study of lymphocytes from individuals that were vaccinated and unvaccinated against the pandemic 2009-2011 H1N1 influenza virus in Southern Brazil

“…Furthermore, as in these recent studies, we detected an IFN-γ-mediated recall response in lymphocytes after stimulation with a cognate antigen. Other studies of distinct populations have also demonstrated that vaccination to infl uenza provides longterm immunity; however, these studies typically evaluated cell frequencies or the levels of cytokine production by certain cell types such as IFN-γ + IL-2 + cells, TNF-α CD4 + T cells, CD107 + CD8 + T cells, and IFN-γ + CD49 + CD8 + T cells stimulated in the presence of infl uenza peptide antigens (21) .…”

Acquired immune responses to the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccination in COPD

“…Flow cytometry was performed as previously described [20]. To analyze influenza-specific T cells, PBMCs were stimulated overnight with inactivated A/H3N2 Wisconsin/67/2005 and A/H1N1/California/04/2009 in the presence of monensin/brefeldin A mix (Sigma).…”

“…In addition to antibodies, T cell responses are also key parameters of influenza protection [20,[22][23][24][25][26]. We therefore analyzed the polyfunctional CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses to inactivated whole virus (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) in PBMC from our volunteer cohort at each time-point (Supporting information, Fig.…”