Characterization of parent and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Xi’an, China during heating period: An investigation of spatial distribution and transformation

Day-Night Differences, Seasonal Variations and Source Apportionment of PM10-Bound PAHs over Xi’an, Northwest China

“…Factor 2 is characterized by the dominance of Flu, BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, dBahA and BghiP. This is similar to that of high-temperature coal combustion derived from coking power plants, and the steel and iron industries [49,50] and thus this factor refers to coal combustion. Factor 3 was predominantly composed of Phe with small amounts of high MW PAHs.…”

“…Factor 5 mainly consisted of 3-and 4-ring PAHs such as Flu, Phe, Ant, Fla and Pyr. High emissions of 3-and 4-ring PAHs are associated with biomass burning [49] and thus this factor was attributed to biomass burning. The pie charts in Figure 7 show the contributions of each source to total PAHs over four seasons.…”

Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives

“…High volume air samplers with a single‐ or multi‐staged cascade have frequently been used for PM 2.5 (Alves et al, ; Lung & Liu, ; Zhang et al, ). Previous reports have been carried out with medium volume samples (100 L/min) and personal sampler impactors (5 L/min) (Mohammed et al, ; Wang, J.Z., et al, ). The use of other multi‐staged cascades was also reported (Kawanaka, Matsumoto, Sakamoto, Wang, & Yun, ; Tang et al, ).…”

“…For extracting PAHs and NPAHs from airborne particulates, solvent‐based methods were mainly introduced in our previous review (Hayakawa, ). Until now, Soxhlet (Larsen & Baker, ; Sanderson and Farant, ) and ultrasonic (Morisaki, Nakamura, Tang, Toriba, & Hayakwa, ; Tang, Imasaka, Yamamoto, & Imasaka, ; Wang, Q., et al, ) extractions have been the most popular for extracting soluble organic matters, including PAHs and NPAHs. This method has been improved by several modifications to the solvent and the extraction time.…”

“…Oxo‐PAHs such as 9‐fluorenone (9‐FlO), benzanthrone and 6H–benzo[ c,d ]pyrene‐6‐one (6H–BcdPO) were determined as major monitored components other than OHPAHs and PAHQs and were determined by GC‐NICI‐MS (Albinet et al, , ; Wang, Y. et al, ). 9‐FlO and 6H–BcdPO were the most abundant oxo‐PAHs in emissions from coal combustion (Wang, Y. et al, ).…”