Characterization of particulate and vapor phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air of primary schools

Krugly, Edvinas; Martuzevičius, Dainius; Sidaraviciute, Ruta; Čiužas, Darius; Prasauskas, Tadas; Kaunelienė, Violeta; Stasiulaitienė, Inga; Kliučininkas, Linas

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.042

Cited by 129 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As expected, higher values of TSP are found outdoors, rather than indoors, with moderate correlation among the two environments (R = 0.415). Similar results are found in other studies [46,47] which investigate I-O concentrations of particle phase PAHs in total dust. Other applications are found in researches considering large sets of indicators including TSP, PM 10 , PM 4 , PM 2.5 , PM 1 , and UFP at different environments, such as museums, offices, industries, schools, and an Antarctic research station [48][49][50][51][52].…”

Section: Total Suspended Particles (Tsp)supporting

confidence: 80%

Assessment of Indoor-Outdoor Particulate Matter Air Pollution: A Review

Salizzoni

Clerico

et al. 2017

Atmosphere

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Abstract:Background: Air pollution is a major global environmental risk factor. Since people spend most of their time indoors, the sole measure of outdoor concentrations is not sufficient to assess total exposure to air pollution. Therefore, the arising interest by the international community to indoor-outdoor relationships has led to the development of various techniques for the study of emission and exchange parameters among ambient and non-ambient pollutants. However, a standardised method is still lacking due to the complex release and dispersion of pollutants and the site conditions among studies. Methods: This review attempts to fill this gap to some extent by focusing on the analysis of the variety of site-specific approaches for the assessment of particulate matter in work and life environments. Results: First, the main analogies and differences between indoor and outdoor particles emerging from several studies are briefly described. Commonly-used indicators, sampling methods, and other approaches are compared. Second, recommendations for further studies based on recent results in order to improve the assessment and management of those issues are provided. Conclusions: This review is a step towards a comprehensive understanding of indoor and outdoor exposures which may stimulate the development of innovative tools for further epidemiological and multidisciplinary research.

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Section: Total Suspended Particles (Tsp)supporting

confidence: 80%

Assessment of Indoor-Outdoor Particulate Matter Air Pollution: A Review

Salizzoni

Clerico

et al. 2017

Atmosphere

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“…The total average PAH concentrations (0.21-8.08 ng m -3 ) in PM 2.5 were close to those measured by Kume et al (2007) in Shizuoka, Japan (1.0-8.4 ng m -3 ), by Li et al (2009) in Atlanta, USA (3.16 ng m -3 ), by Martellini et al (2012) in Tuscany, Italy (5.52 ng m -3 ), by in Sanya, China (3.8-9.9 ng m -3 ), by Callén et al (2014) in Zaragoza, Spain (1.31-2.84 ng m -3 ), by Odabasi, et al (2015) in Izmir, Turkey (8.3 ng m -3 ), and by Oliveira et al (2016) in Portugal (1.45-4.23 ng m -3 ). Moreover, the total average PAH concentrations in this study were substantially lower than those reported earlier by numerous researchers such as Li et al (2005) in Guangzhou, China (15.8-84.8 ng m -3 ); Wu et al (2014) in Ordos, China (68.8 ng m -3 ); Krugly et al (2014) in Kaunas, Lithuania (20.3-131 ng m -3 ); Zhu et al (2015) in Jinan, China (30.8-140 ng m -3 ); and Liu et al (2015) in Guangzhou, China (33.9 ng m -3 ). The aforementioned studies had focused on PM 2.5 , not total suspend particles (TSPs).…”

Section: Pah Mass Concentrations Of Pm 25 In Relation To Seasonal Chcontrasting

confidence: 50%

Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risks of Atmospheric PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hsinchu, Taiwan

Yang

Hsu

Chen

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This study investigated PM 2.5 -bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in order to determine the seasonal changes in total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations and to identify contamination sources by using a positive matrix factorization model, a conditional probability function, and characteristic ratios of PAHs in Hsinchu. The sampling period was from September 2014 to August 2015. PM 2.5 samplers equipped with 47-mm quartz membrane filters were operated at a flow rate of 16.7 L min -1 for 48 h. The concentrations of 20 PAHs were determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed the PM 2.5 , total PAHs, and BaPeq mass concentrations in the four seasons ranged from 4.91 to 58.5 µg m -3 , 0.21 to 8.08 ng m -3 , and 0.03 to 0.78 ng m -3 , respectively. The PM 2.5 , total PAHs, and BaPeq mass concentrations were in the order winter > autumn > spring > summer and exhibited significant seasonal variations. The carcinogenic potency of PAHs in winter was approximately 6.21 times higher than that in summer. The major BaPeq contributors were BaP, BbF, INP, and DBA. BaP accounted for 49.0% of BaPeq concentrations in PM 2.5 in all four seasons. The annual average lifetime excess cancer risk of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs (1.60 × 10 -5 ) was higher than that specified in the United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines (10 -6 ). The two major sources were stationary emission sources and unburned petroleum and traffic emissions, which together accounted for 90.3% of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs.

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“…Samples of indoor air within homes have been characterized and compared with the outdoor air in several studies and it has been clearly demonstrated that indoor and outdoor PAH concentrations match either well or poorly depending on the urban context, the nature of the pollution source, and the meteorological contour, as well as the infiltration rate of particles to the indoors (Romagnoli et al, 2014). Krugly et al (2014) employs diagnostic ratios (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the possible sources and evaluate exposure of children to PAHs in primary schools. The sampling for the PAHs was done during winter time.…”

Section: Indoor and Outdoor Pah Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indoor/outdoor ratios have been used in various studies to provide a rough identification of the pollution origin (Krugly et al, 2014).…”

Section: Outdoor Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Cheruiyot

Lee

Mwangi

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

136

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of semi-volatile organic carbons that are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources therefore are ubiquitous in nature. Their main sources are both fossil and biomass fuels as well as other feedstocks used in chemical and combustion processes. Mostly the combustion processes are PAH depletion processes rather than PAH generating processes. PAHs are emitted from both stationary and mobile sources at varying levels depending on the operation conditions such as fuels, feedstock, and control devices in use as well as process parameters for example combustion temperatures.After emission from sources, the fates of PAHs in the atmosphere include partitioning between gas and particulate phases, particle size distribution, long range transport, dry and wet deposition on to water bodies, soil, vegetation and other receptor surfaces as well as resuspension from receptor surfaces back to the atmosphere. These processes are controlled by their physiochemical properties. Additionally, it is through these processes that human beings are exposed to PAHs via inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact.Dry deposition is the major process through which PAHs from the atmosphere are made available to receptor surfaces including the human respiratory system. From studies with cumulative fractions of dry deposition and size distribution for particulate PAHs, it is evident that the coarse particles are majorly responsible for the highest fraction of deposition fluxes. This is especially true for the high molecular weight PAHs, since the low molecular weight PAHs are majorly in the gas phase, which have lower dry deposition velocities. On the other hand, the highest risk for human being comes in the form of fine particles, whose mean aerodynamic diameter is below 2.5 µm. This is because the particle bound content results and particle size distributions of PAHs indicate that the fine particles have the most PAH content owing to their large surface areas and high organic carbon content. For the wet deposition of PAHs, more research is recommended for measurement of scavenging ratios of individual PAHs, since there is a scarcity of studies focusing on this issue.PAH mutagenic activity and exposure risk of humans can be estimated using the deposition rates, toxicity levels based on benzo(a)pyrene, or biomarkers such as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Other parameters that have been used to evaluate the risks of various exposure groups include inhalation exposure levels (IEL), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and estimation of maximum consumption time (t max ). Highway toll workers, back carbon workers and food vendors in night markets are among susceptible groups identified using these biomarkers and exposure parameters.To reduce exposure to human beings, PAH emissions need to be controlled at the sources. Control and reduction of PAH emissions from various sources involves largely altering the fuel and feedstock characteristics, using air pollution control devices and/or adjustin...

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Characterization of particulate and vapor phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air of primary schools

Cited by 129 publications

References 33 publications

Assessment of Indoor-Outdoor Particulate Matter Air Pollution: A Review

Assessment of Indoor-Outdoor Particulate Matter Air Pollution: A Review

Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risks of Atmospheric PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hsinchu, Taiwan

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

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