Characterization of peripheral blood human immunodeficiency virus isolates from Hispanic women with cognitive impairment

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) tropism plays an important role in HIV-associated dementia. In this study, aimed at determining if the tropism and coreceptor usage of circulating viruses correlates with cognitive function, the authors isolated and characterized HIV from the peripheral blood of 21 Hispanic women using antiretroviral therapy. Macrophage tropism was determined by inoculation of HIV isolates onto monocyte-derived macrophages and lymphocyte cultures. To define coreceptor usage, the HIV isolates were inoculated onto the U87.CD4 glioma cell lines with specific CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors. HIV isolates from cognitively impaired patients showed higher levels of replication in mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells than did isolates from patients with normal cognition (P < .05). The viral growth of HIV primary isolates in macrophages and lymphocytes did not differ between patients with and those without cognitive impairment. However, isolates from the cognitively impaired women preferentially used the X4 coreceptor (P < .05). These phenotypic studies suggest that cognitively impaired HIV-infected women receiving treatment may have a more highly replicating and more pathogenic X4 virus in the circulation that could contribute to their neuropathogenesis.

Up-regulation of the Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor α7 by HIV Glycoprotein 120

“…Interestingly, during the course of infection, HIV-1 evolves from an M-tropic (CCR5-dependent) variant that primarily infects macrophages to a T-tropic (CXCR4-dependent) variant that primarily infects T cells (15,20). The increase in HIV particles with tropism for CXCR4 receptor correlates with the development of HAND (20,21). Studies have shown that gp120 not only binds to CXCR4, but also activates its signaling pathway (22).…”

Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma HIV-1 Envelope Sequences Isolated From a Single Donor with HIV Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment

“…Table 1 summarizes the clinical data of the subject. The subject was evaluated in the SNRP cohort for 4.5 years, with evaluations every 6 months, for a total of 9 evaluations [40, 42]. The data presented correspond to evaluations 3, 5, and 7.…”

“…Paired cell-free plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected once a year during the evaluation period of the subject within the Specialized Neurosciences Research Program (SNRP) cohort at University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus [40, 41]. The inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, and evaluation have been previously described [42].…”

Influence of &lt;i&gt;CYP&lt;/i&gt;2&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;6 516G &gt; T and Long Term HAART on Population Pharmacokinetics of Efavirenz in Rwandan Adults on HIV and Tuberculosis Cotreatment

“…TB treatment involved rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H), pyrazinamide (Z), and ethambutol (E). The fixed dose-combination regimen was 2(RHZE) 7 /4(RH) 3 (numbers before the letters indicate the months of duration of the treatment for the intensive treatment phase; subscripts indicate how often the treatment was taken each week). Both treatments were administered in a preexisting directly observed therapy (DOT) program.…”

“…As a result, the immune system may get slowly damaged and individuals may develop symptoms of the late phase of HIV disease (AIDS) where individuals are susceptible to other opportunistic infections, such as infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasmosis and candidiasis, etc. Infected individuals are diagnosed as having AIDS status when their plasma HIV load is high and the CD4 cell counts falls below 200 cells/mm 3 (normal CD4 counts are between 500 and 1.600 cells/mm 3 ) [1]- [3]. Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection among people infected with HIV [4].…”