Characterization of Petroleum Waxes by High Temperature Gas Chromatography - Correlation With Physical Properties

Gupta, Ashok; Severin, D.

doi:10.1080/10916469708949697

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…High-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) using capillary columns now provides quick qualitative identification of n -alkanes present in waxes up to C 90 . Standardized quantification of carbon number distributions in petroleum waxes is limited to C 44 per ASTM D 5442-93 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Compositional Study of Crude Oil Solids from the Trans Alaska Pipeline System Using High-Temperature Gas Chromatography

et al. 2001

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Wax precipitation and deposition in crude oils can produce problems in production and transportation operations. To gain an understanding of deposits formed in a pipeline transporting an intermediate type crude oil in an arctic/subarctic environment, comparisons of several types of crude oil solid deposits from the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) and precipitated waxes present in the TAPS mix crude oil were developed. An extended high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) method was used for the determination of the solids composition, and is described in this paper. The HTGC method uses a longer capillary column to obtain improved resolution of higher carbon number groups. The method also provides quantification of n-alkane and non-n-alkane content within each single carbon number group. A comparison of the ratio of n-alkane: non-n-alkane for each single carbon number (SCN) between the parent crude oil and the crude oil solids is used to identify the amount of liquid crude oil occluded in the crude oil solid. A reference wax is analyzed using the described method to demonstrate the precision and accuracy of the method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gupta and Severin used HTGC/FID and supercritical fluid chromatography to obtain carbon number distributions for two Indian crude oil waxes. The GC results obtained were qualitative in nature as no internal standard was mentioned as being used and average carbon numbers for each wax were determined on the basis of relative peak areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Compositional Study of Crude Oil Solids from the Trans Alaska Pipeline System Using High-Temperature Gas Chromatography

et al. 2001

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“…Therefore, HTGC has become more and more routinely used for wax analysis, and the HTGC results can be correlated to the physical properties of the wax, including melting point, refractive index and kinematic viscosity, etc (Gupta & Severin, 1997).…”

Section: Wax Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatograph Applications in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fluids

Zeng¹,

Zou²,

Lehne³

et al. 2012

Advanced Gas Chromatography - Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications

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“…Due to the introduction of hydrogenation, there are Correlation between viscosity (in mm 2 /s at 100 C) and the ACN for FCM 93 paraffin waxes. Data for other than the Reference Waxes are taken from (Gupta and Severin 1997;Kumar et al 2005), and(CONCAWE 1984).…”

Section: Safety Evaluations Of Mineral Oils and Waxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of animal studies in the toxicological assessment of oil and wax hydrocarbons. Solving the puzzle for a new outlook in risk assessment

Carrillo

Danneels

Woldhuis³

2021

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Paraffin waxes and white mineral oils are distinct petroleum products separated from a common feedstock by crystallization, where only n-alkanes, iso-and cyclo-alkanes with a linear backbone of $ 20 carbon atoms long, selectively crystalize out from the oil to form the wax, which is solid at room temperature, whereas oils remain liquid. Up until the 90's, these differences were reflected in separated regulatory assessments. A paradigm shift occurred when Fischer 344 rats (F-344) developed liver epithelioid granuloma following exposure to low and medium viscosity oils or waxes. This lesion was used as common denominator between these products to be jointly assessed under the common term "mineral hydrocarbons -MHC", obviating compositional differences. This regulatory paradigm dominated for the next 30 years, exacerbated by the EFSA 2012 evaluation using the analytical term "MOSH" (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons) which encompassed these products under single chromatography fraction. The reconstruction of historical developments, together with recent EFSA-sponsored studies of toxicity and accumulation and supporting literature, has allowed us to understand the etiology of the F-344 rat hepatic epithelioid granuloma, which is presented in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP). Considering chemical composition, it clearly demonstrates that the hepatic effects in F-344 rats caused by linear alkanes of waxes are irrelevant for humans. Waxes are thus not MOSH and should thus be evaluated on their own merit. The term MOSH should not include n-alkanes and be exclusively used to mineral oil fractions when considering their chemical makeup for a relevant human hazard assessment.

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Characterization of Petroleum Waxes by High Temperature Gas Chromatography - Correlation With Physical Properties

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Comparative Compositional Study of Crude Oil Solids from the Trans Alaska Pipeline System Using High-Temperature Gas Chromatography

Comparative Compositional Study of Crude Oil Solids from the Trans Alaska Pipeline System Using High-Temperature Gas Chromatography

Gas Chromatograph Applications in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fluids

Relevance of animal studies in the toxicological assessment of oil and wax hydrocarbons. Solving the puzzle for a new outlook in risk assessment

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