This article overviews the application of macromolecules in the various exploration and production operations of the petroleum industry. The main molecules utilized are presented as well as those with potential application in different functions, with a description of the operations in which they are used, their action mechanism and preliminary laboratory tests. Aspects related to the solubility of polymer additives are also covered since the polymers are used in liquid media (hydrophilic or hydrophobic), such that they have to be soluble to allow dispersal or suspension, depending on the action mechanism involved in each application. In the end, aspects of toxicity, economics, environmental impact, and occupational health and safety are discussed.