Characterization of Polyphenolic Content in the Aquatic Plants Ruppia cirrhosa and Ruppia maritima —A Source of Nutritional Natural Products

Abstract

Herein, the polyphenolic content in extracts of Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande and Ruppia maritima L.was fully characterized for the first time. High amounts of the main compound chicoric acid (CA) (≤30.2 ± 4.3 mg/g) were found in both Ruppia species. In addition, eight flavonoids, namely the 3-O-glucopyranosides and 3-O-galactopyranosides, as well as malonylated 3-O-glycosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin, were isolated and identified. The antioxidant activity of Ruppia cirrhosa extracts and isolated compounds was investigated spectrophotometrically by a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radical scavenging assay. IC50 values were 31.8–175.7 μg/mL for Ruppia cirrhosa extracts and 12.1–88.4 μg/mL for isolated flavonoids. Both individual and total phenolic and flavonoid content were quantified in crude extracts using analytical HPLC. The relative high amount of total flavonoids ranged from 5.9 to 14.7 mg/g in both species, with concentrations of individual flavonoids ranging from 0.4 to 2.9 mg/g dry weight. The content of chicoric acid was twofold more in Ruppia maritima than in Ruppia cirrhosa. Seasonal variation of the quantitative content in Ruppia cirrhosa was examined. Total flavonoid content ranged from 8.4 mg/g in October to 14.7 mg/g in August, whereas the highest concentration of chicoric acid was observed in March (29.2 mg/g).

Health-Promoting Properties of Natural Flavonol Glycosides Isolated from Staphylea pinnata L.

“…Isorhamnetin malonyl glucoside ( 6 ): or isorhamnetin-3- O -(6″- O -malonyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, amorphous solid, [α] 25 D −8.2 ( c 0.1, MeOH) (ref. [ 35 ] [α] 25 D −8.7 ( c 0.1, MeOH)); 1 H NMR data were in agreement with those previously reported by Wald et al 1989 [ 17 ]; ESI MS (-): m / z 563 [M-H] − .…”

Bioactive Properties of Marine Phenolics

“…Extraction yields, seasonally dependent for the two species, vary in the range of 9.3–19.7% (g/g dw) for Z. noltii , and 9.6–31% for Z. marina ; near 85% of the rosmarinic acid was recovered from the crude methanolic extract using ethyl acetate [ 10 ]. Chicoric acid was the major compound in Ruppia sp, with 30 mg/g; twice the total flavonoid content [ 81 ]. High concentrations of phenolics in methanolic Zostera extracts correspond to higher growth inhibition of the toxic red tide dinoflagellate A. catenella [ 23 ].…”

Variability on the Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Ruppia cirrhosa Extract Using Two Different Methods of Extraction

“…and Ruppia maritima, these two species are widespread in lagoon environments (7). These two species belong to the widgeon grass family (Ruppiaceae), and they can exist in single populations with no other vascular plants present, and they are barely ever found together (2).…”

“…Polyphenols from marine organisms are far less studied than those from terrestrial sources since their structural diversity and variability require powerful analytical tools (8). R. cirrhosa was found to be rich in chicoric acid ( ≤ 30.20 mg/g) (2), has promising pharmacological effects in antiviral, contain anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiaging properties, and impacts digestive system illness (9). The findings concerning secondary metabolites of R. cirrhosa, especially polyphenolic contents are limited (2,10).…”

“…R. cirrhosa was found to be rich in chicoric acid ( ≤ 30.20 mg/g) (2), has promising pharmacological effects in antiviral, contain anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiaging properties, and impacts digestive system illness (9). The findings concerning secondary metabolites of R. cirrhosa, especially polyphenolic contents are limited (2,10). Additionally, the determination of the biological properties of R. cirrhosa is still scarce (2,11).…”