Characterization of Printed Circuit Boards for Metal and Energy Recovery after Milling and Mechanical Separation

Bizzo, Waldir Antônio; Figueiredo, Renata A.; Andrade, Valdelis Fernandes de

doi:10.3390/ma7064555

Cited by 142 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Kumar et al showed that the concentration of copper, silver, gold, and palladium in e-waste is 5 to 250% higher than average mining operations which provide major economic benefits for recycling [11]. The average metal content in PCBs is approximately 30-35% and rest of the material is referred to as non-metal [12][13][14]. The metals in PCBs are extracted for their value and the remaining nonmetal fraction (NMF) containing the The recovery of metals from the waste printed circuit boards can be achieved by physical or chemical processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ning et al summarized that jigging can achieve a high metal recovery of up to 97%, whereas air classification can remove 97% of copper in the sink [22]. Using heavy liquid of density 2.89 g/cm 3 , Bizzo et al separated the NMF from the PCB and thus increased the calorific value to 11.63 GJ/t in the NMF [12]. Chemical recycling based on pyro, hydro and bio-metallurgy has also been utilized for metal recovery [21][22][23]24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Separating Inorganics from the Non-metal Fraction of the Processed Waste PCBS Using Heavy Liquid Separation

Kumar¹,

Holuszko²,

Janke³

2018

Int J Waste Resour

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Electronic waste is one of the most investigated waste streams around the world due to the presence of valuable metals and hazardous chemicals. Printed circuit boards (PCB) represent a significant amount of this stream which consists of metals such as copper, silver, gold and palladium, and a nonmetal fraction (NMF). The NMF represents approximately 70% by mass of the total PCB consisting of fiberglass or cellulose as reinforcing materials and epoxy, phenolic or polyester as resins. This paper presents results of the test work on the separation of inorganics and organics from the nonmetal matrix using heavy liquid separation. A liquid medium of varying specific gravity was used to separate different streams from the NMF based on the density variations, and then analyzed for metal content, loss on ignition and calorific value. Results showed that most of the inorganic materials reported to the density range of 1.8-2.4 g/cm 3 with a low calorific value of <9 GJ/t and a mass yield of 30-40% of total NMF. The fraction with density <1.8 g/cm 3 consisting mostly the organic materials had a high calorific value of >20 GJ/t and a mass yield of 60-70% of the total NMF. It also showed that the heavy metals like copper and iron were concentrated in the heaviest density fraction (>2.4 SG). An optical microscope or scanning electron microscope analysis and mechanical strength tests would be required to further test the quality and respective applications of separated products, which will be considered in the follow up research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating Inorganics from the Non-metal Fraction of the Processed Waste PCBS Using Heavy Liquid Separation

Kumar¹,

Holuszko²,

Janke³

2018

Int J Waste Resour

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“…Practically all electronic devices contain printed circuit boards (PCBs), which can be considered raw material for metal recovery [3]. The biggest problem associated with PCB recycling is related to its complex structure and material composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of the metal waste using an electromagnetic sensor

Karima¹,

Abdelghani²,

Dahman³

2018

MMC_C

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This article describes a new method for identification of non-ferrous scrap metals using an Electromagnetic Sensor (EMS) that is based on the Eddy Current (EC) principle. Electromagnetic sensor is a suitable tool for identifying recoverable waste products. The identification of particles is essential to facilitate their recovery. This study deals with the 3D modelling of electromagnetic sensor located above for a representative cylindrical form particle sample of the waste. Based on the EC, we are going to be estimating the electric conductivity of the metal waste by using least squares methods (LSM) and the inverse model. Results obtained by the finite element method (FEM) are compared with experimental tests. So, the results prove the applicability of presenting the approach for the identification of waste metal by the eddy currents.

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“…Using heavy liquids of the specific gravity of 2.89, the metal fraction was separated and the calorific value of the nonmetal fraction was estimated to be 11.63 GJ/t [7]. Researchers have shown the application of gravity separation and flotation to separate metals from nonmetals with high efficiency [5,8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Energy Concentration in Waste Printed Circuit Boards Using Gravity Separation

et al. 2018

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Electronic waste is one the fastest growing waste streams in the world, and printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the most valuable fraction of this stream due to the presence of gold, silver, copper, and palladium. Printed circuit boards consist of approximately 30% metals and 70% non-metals. The non-metal fraction (NMF) is composed of 60-65% fiberglass and 35-40% organics, in the form of surface-mount plastics and epoxy resins in the printed circuit board laminates. The organics in the NMF provide a potential alternative source of energy, but hazardous flame retardants contained in epoxy resins and the presence of residual metals create challenges for utilizing this material for energy recovery. This research provides an evaluation of the energy content of printed circuit boards. Density-based separation was used to separate various components of the NMF to increase the energy content in specific density fractions while reducing the metal content. The result showed that the energy content before and after the removal of the metallic fraction from PCBs was 9 and 15 GJ/t, respectively. After the density-based separation of the NMF, the energy content in the lightest fraction increased to 21 GJ/t, while reducing the concentration of the hazardous flame retardants. The contents of the hazardous flame retardants and residual metal were analyzed, to evaluate the harmful effect of emissions produced from utilizing the NMF as an alternative feedstock in waste-to-energy applications.

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Characterization of Printed Circuit Boards for Metal and Energy Recovery after Milling and Mechanical Separation

Cited by 142 publications

References 26 publications

Separating Inorganics from the Non-metal Fraction of the Processed Waste PCBS Using Heavy Liquid Separation

Separating Inorganics from the Non-metal Fraction of the Processed Waste PCBS Using Heavy Liquid Separation

Identification of the metal waste using an electromagnetic sensor

Improving the Energy Concentration in Waste Printed Circuit Boards Using Gravity Separation

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