Characterization of prokineticin system in Crohn's disease pathophysiology and pain, and its modulation by alcohol abuse: A preclinical study

The Prokineticin System in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Clinical and Preclinical Overview

“…However, to date, a comprehensive multi-organ comparative study, in which it is possible to verify the quantitative difference in PKS levels in different organs, has only been conducted by Zhou's group [22,27]; therefore, it still remains difficult to identify quantitative differences between tissues, since PKS expression analysis in different tissues and organs has often been performed by different authors with different methodologies (mRNA, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, etc.). However, we can state, based on our recent study [39], that the mRNA levels of the PKS in the colon and in the nervous system (myenteric plexus, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord) were similar, demonstrating the relevance of the PKS in both inflammation and pain processing. We believe that detailed multi-organ characterization studies should be conducted to offer a comprehensive overview of PKS expression.…”

“…However, at this time of observation, neither PKR1 nor PKR2 were upregulated, although a positive trend was shown for PKR2. Recently, we performed [39], in a TNBS mouse model, a detailed PKS characterization in different tissues and organs involved in IBDs. In addition to evaluating certain tissues, such as of the mesenteric lymph nodes, colon, myenteric plexus, and DRGs, we were the first to analyze the expression of the PKS at the spinal cord level.…”

“…*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05 vs. respective CTR; $$$ p < 0.001, $$ p < 0.01, and $ < 0.05 vs. TNBS d7. These images have been edited and republished, in accordance with the specific editor copyright, by Amodeo et al[39].…”