Characterization of real and substitute birds through experimental and numerical analysis of momentum, average impact force and residual energy in bird strike on three rigid targets: A flat plate, a wedge and a splitter

Abstract

To validate the increasingly used numerical models for optimization and verification of the designs subjected to bird strike, initial (calibration) tests are a necessity prior to full scale testing. Bird strike calibration tests on rigid targets specifically, give a valuable insight in the complex behaviour of a bird. This paper presents the results of a series of bird strike tests and simulations on three rigid targets (a plate, a wedge and a splitter) to quantify the forces originating from the change of momentum and splitting of the bird. In this study, momentum transfer is the key parameter to compare birds with different masses, materials, speeds, etc., as proposed in the reference works from the 20 th century. The main purpose of this paper is fourfold: (i) to introduce another way to measure momentum transfer on these kinds of structures and therefore get more consistent results, (ii) to show that gelatine generates similar impact forces as real birds, (iii) to point out that apart from the change of direction of the momentum, the deviatoric and/or dissipating constitutive behaviour of the bird also plays an important role and (iv) to show that a simple plate structure can be used to measure the residual energy of the bird remainders after an impact event. In a series of numerical simulations, the performance of a SPH bird with an EOS material model is used to validate the analytical models.

Analytical determination of the critical impact location for wing leading edge under birdstrike

“…Seidt et al (2013) conducted a birdstrike test to validate the dynamic response of gelatin bird in the numerical simulation. Considering the consistency of the tests, dummy birds made of gelatin are widely used nowadays (Budgey 2000, Allaeys et al 2017, Jun et al 2018. Chan et al (2012) proposed a new approach to monitor the sensor signals at the sampling frequency of 100 kHz and validated its effectiveness through a high speed birdstrike test on the leading edge of a composite UAV wing.…”

SPH-FEM Design of Laminated Plies under Bird-Strike Impact

“…Generally, bird strike is a short duration (generally in the millisecond range) and high-intensity loading event, with complex coupling interactions. Under the bird soft-body impacts, some critical parameters, e.g., geometry effects of birds [4][5][6][7], material's models of birds [8][9][10], initial velocities and impact angles of the bird projectile [10][11][12][13], etc., can influence the deformations and damage mechanisms of the front-facing structures.…”

Impact-Damage Equivalency for Twisted Composite Blades with Symmetrical Configurations

“…Among these, the rotating fan blades have relatively high probability of bird strike, due to the air ingestion of aero-engines. Under bird impacts, many vital parameters, e.g., geometric effects of birds [2,4,14], material models of birds [15,16], velocities and angles of bird projectile [17][18][19], etc., determine the final deformation and damage mechanisms of such forward-facing structures.…”