Characterization of Recent-Model High-Emitting Automobiles

Wenzel, Tom; Ross, Marc Howard

doi:10.4271/981414

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Consistent with Wenzel and Ross (1998), Washburn et al (2001), Bin (2003), and Beydoun and Guldmann (2006), as odometer mileage increases, the likelihood of being identified as a failed vehicle or a gross polluter increases. To create the model year dummy variables, model years were classified into five groups based on emission control technology implementation as cited, in part, by Cadle et al (1999) and using CARB's existing EMFAC model categorization (CARB, 2003): pre-1980 model years (oxidation catalysts or no catalytic converters); 1980-1985 model years (three-way catalysts), 1986-1990 (known to be equipped with fuel injection engines and improved engine control units), 1991-1995, and post-1995 (second-generation on-board diagnostics) as a base category.…”

Section: Model Estimationsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…For example, vehicle characteristics, such as vehicle age (or model year), engine size, number of engine cylinders, odometer reading, and use of oxygenated fuels, have been associated with higher emissions or higher failure rates (Wayne and Horie, 1983;Kahn, 1996;Washburn et al, 2001;Bin, 2003). Other technology-based relationships that have been explored include those between the failure rates and repairs of specific emissions control system components, such as the catalyst, oxygen sensor, or exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system, and higher emissions (Lawson et al, 1996;Heirigs et al, 1996;Wenzel and Ross, 1998). Some studies have also correlated specific manufacturers (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The development of a prescreening model to identify failed and gross polluting vehicles

Choo

Shafizadeh

Niemeier

2007

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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The California State Bureau of Automotive Repair uses a high-emitter profile model to direct, or screen a fraction of the vehicle fleet in for inspection and maintenance testing at test-only facilities. Reviews by the California Inspection/Maintenance Review Committee showed the high-emitter profile to be inefficient and in need of improvement. In this study, using in-use vehicle emissions data from California's statewide smog check program, we specified a new multinomial logit model designed to improve the screening efficiency for targeting potential failed and gross polluting vehicles. Modeling results show that factors such as odometer reading, model year, vehicle make, as well as the presence of emissions control systems are significant factors in predicting the likelihood that a screened vehicle will test as a failed or a gross polluting vehicle. Comparisons indicate that the new multinomial logit model specification can predict various inspection/maintenance test outcomes more accurately than the existing high-emitter profile model.

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Section: Model Estimationsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of a prescreening model to identify failed and gross polluting vehicles

Choo

Shafizadeh

Niemeier

2007

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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“…Emission factors for all model year groupings where the contribution of high emitters was significant were developed by population weighting the emission factors for high emitters and normal emitters. The high emitter population estimates were based on data obtained through the Arizona inspection and maintenance (I/M) program (Wenzel and Ross, 1998). It should be noted that these comparisons include only exhaust particulate and not tire-or brake-wear particulate emissions that were not addressed in this study.…”

Section: Model Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final report for measurement of primary particulate matter emissions from light-duty motor vehicles

Norbeck¹,

Durbin²,

Truex³

1998

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“…Wenzel and Ross identified 107 vehicles as high emitters from the 343 total tests based on the FTP bag emission results and classified them into four categories as a result of laboratory measurements of second-by-second engine-out and tailpipe emissions, so as to include HEV models within the CMEM framework (14). The first type of HEV (HEV-1) is a vehicle that has a lean air-to-fuel (A:F) ratio at moderate power and is emitting low CO and HC but high NO x emissions relative to the emissions of clean vehicles.…”

Section: Modeling Of Hevsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Impacts of High-Emitting Vehicles

Park

Rakha

2009

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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High-emitting vehicles (HEVs), also known as high emitters, are responsible for a large proportion of total mobile-source emissions, even though they represent a small portion of the total vehicle fleet. Studies conducted in the 1990s indicated that between 7% and 12% of the vehicle fleet accounted for 41% to 63% of total carbon monoxide (CO) emissions; 10% of vehicles were responsible for 47% to 65% of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions; and 10% of vehicles were responsible for 32% of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. However, these conclusions were confined both temporally and spatially because the studies used remote-sensing data or inspection and maintenance test data that were collected at a specific location and time. Consequently, the objective of this study is to quantify the contribution of HEVs at a network level by using comprehensive modal emission models (CMEMs) and Virginia Tech-Micro (VT-Micro) microscopic vehicle emission models. This study applies two approaches besides the use of the CMEM and VT-Micro models. First, the study quantifies the HEVs’ contribution by using different predefined drive cycles. Second, a simulation of a highway and arterial network is applied. The study results demonstrate that HEV emission contributions to total HC and CO emissions are consistent with what is reported in the literature. However, the contribution of NOx emissions is greater than what is reported in the literature. The study demonstrates that the contribution of HEVs to total vehicle emissions is dependent on the type of roadway facility (arterials versus highways), the background normal vehicle composition, and the composition of HEVs.

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Characterization of Recent-Model High-Emitting Automobiles

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

The development of a prescreening model to identify failed and gross polluting vehicles

The development of a prescreening model to identify failed and gross polluting vehicles

Final report for measurement of primary particulate matter emissions from light-duty motor vehicles

Environmental Impacts of High-Emitting Vehicles

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