Characterization of RF signals in Different Types of Water

Abstract

Underwater communication at microwave frequencies overcome the data rate and bandwidth limitations of acoustic communication and the environmental problems associated with optical-based underwater networks. It has several applications in underwater sensors networks. In view of potential applications to 5G, we conducted experimental tests and computer simulations to investigate the propagation losses encountered by microwave signals in the licensed and license-free frequencies (up to 2.6 GHz) in freshwater and seawater. Our results indicate the feasibility of microwave communication in freshwater at the licensed mobile frequencies.

Security of Underwater and Air-Water Wireless Communication

“…Moreover, it also suffers from many other drawbacks, such as high attenuation (beside absorption and scattering, seawater conductivity seriously affects the propagation of electromagnetic waves), low bandwidth, very short communication range (typically less than 10m) and requiring large antennas. Nevertheless, occasionally, RF-based underwater WCNs have been practically deployed, as reported in the literature: [26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”