Characterization of roof runoff microbial quality in four U.S. cities with varying climate and land use characteristics

Onsite Nonpotable Water Systems Pathogen Treatment Targets: A Comparison of Infection and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) Risk Benchmark Approaches

“…jejuni dose–response (described below) (Table ); added Giardia as a reference pathogen for roof runoff use based on newly available observations of pathogen gene targets (Table ); added alternative pathogen characterizations of C. jejuni and Salmonella spp. for roof runoff use based on newly available observations of pathogen gene targets (Table S2) (the simulated pathogen concentrations from Schoen et al are conservative in comparison); and updated municipal wastewater pathogen concentrations (impacting stormwater LRTs) (Table ). The updated municipal wastewater pathogen concentration characterizations incorporated data reviewed and reported by Soller et al and the Direct Potable Reuse DPR-2 dataset .…”

“…We adopted the following modifications to the LRT calculation based on newly available data: updated Norovirus and C. jejuni dose−response (described below) (Table 2); added Giardia as a reference pathogen for roof runoff use based on newly available observations of pathogen gene targets 17 (Table 1); added alternative pathogen characterizations of C. jejuni and Salmonella spp. for roof runoff use based on newly available observations of pathogen gene targets 17 (Table S2) (the simulated pathogen concentrations from Schoen et al 3 are conservative in comparison); and updated municipal wastewater pathogen concentrations (impacting stormwater LRTs) (Table 1). The updated municipal wastewater pathogen concentration characterizations incorporated data reviewed and reported by Soller et al 18 and the Direct Potable Reuse DPR-2 dataset.…”

Metabolically active bacteria detected with click chemistry in low organic matter rainwater

“…Furthermore, water resource scientists and decision makers could also benefit from further development of this field. As discussed in Alja'fari et al ( 2022), rainwater harvesting (or roof runoff) may be an underutilized alternative water source in the US [51] and there is insufficient data on the microbial water quality of collected rain, making quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA) difficult [16]. Such notions regarding QMRA have been raised previously [17] and a review by Ahmed et al 2011 concluded that based on published data "the microbial quality of [roof harvested rainwater] should be considered potentially poor until more rigorous microbial assessment can be undertaken" [52].…”

“…While these studies demonstrate that the lifecycle of certain pathogens are influenced by rain, much remains to be learned about the epidemiological risks posed by rainwater bacteria. Furthermore, there have been increasing efforts to harvest potable and non-potable rainwater for human use and to better understand the quality and safety of the collected rain [16][17][18]. However, microbes and other substances (e.g., including dust, particles, nutrients, organic matter, etc.)…”