Characterization of shear behaviour in consolidated granular biomass

Mechanical characteristics of pine biomass of different sizes and shapes

“…Knowledge of its mechanical properties is necessary for the design and efficient operation of equipment for handling, storage, and processing (Zulfigar et al 2006;Ganesan et al 2008;Wu et al 2011;Gil et al 2013;Crawford et al 2016;Oniszczuk et al 2016). The wide range of practical requirements and extensive literature review concerning the field were presented in previous papers by Stasiak et al (2015Stasiak et al ( , 2018. The bioenergy practice requires information about density, strength parameters, and flowability.…”

“…For certain materials, flowability is used as a measure of the quality of granular product that influences its end-use value, and its magnitude characterises granular materials as either free flowing, easy flowing, cohesive, or strong cohesive. The theoretical use of strength properties of biomass materials are widely described in previous papers (Stasiak et al 2015(Stasiak et al , 2018.…”

“…Barnes and Nguyen (2001) reviewed the literature regarding technologies where the vane test had been used and gave a series of examples of its use for various materials. Some other practical examples of vane measurements are described in Stasiak et al (2018).…”

Influence of wood anisotropy on its mechanical properties in relation to the scale effect

“…However, some wood properties -which substantially affect the quality of wood products, such as low strength and stiffness in a direction perpendicular to its fibres, considerable variations in mechanical properties following an increase in its moisture content and wood creep as a result of its rheological properties (even at room temperatures) may result in a lack of confidence in wood as a building material. This lack of trust is mainly due to an insufficient knowledge of the mechanical properties of wood and its products (Moskaleva, 1957;Perełygin, 1957;Mareš and Blahovec, 2004;Stasiak et al, 2018). Many studies have been carried out to elucidate the mechanical properties of different kinds of wood, but most of them concerned the dry woods used in the wood and paper industries (Korkut and Guller, 2008;Lionetto and Frigione, 2009;Niklas, 1997).…”

“…This is due to the fact that normal wood structure contains both regular and irregular (non-homogenous) elements as well as wood faults. The structure of wood also determines the anisotropy of wood strength and the elastic-viscousplastic characteristics of wood as a construction material -these issues are the subject matter of a technical science, which aims to elucidate the composition of wood (Kollman, 1967;Sobolev, 1979;Miller, 1999;Thibaut et al, 2001;Mishnaevsky and Qing, 2008;Stasiak et al, 2018).…”