Characterization of Sidr (Ziziphus spp.) Honey from Different Geographical Origins

Abstract

The current investigation was conducted to assess the melissopalynological, physicochemical, and biochemical properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities as well as total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of 794 Sidr honey samples collected from the Saudi market that had been imported from 12 different countries. Testing Sidr honey from different countries showed different levels of growth suppression observed against five drug resistant bacterial strains. The pathogenic strains were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity showed growth suppression levels which varied according to the origin of the honey. The comparative study of Sidr honeys revealed a strong correlation between total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and significant radical scavenging activities in particular Egyptian and Saudi Arabian honeys. The melissopalynological and physicochemical properties of different Sidr honeys complied with the recommendations of the WHO Codex Alimentarius, the European Union standards for honey quality, and the Gulf Technical Regulation on honey (GSO 147:2008-Standards Store-GCC Standardization Organization). It was concluded that Sidr honey from different geographical areas has the capacity to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria and perform significant radical scavenging activities.

Organic Honey from the Middle Atlas of Morocco: Physicochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Properties, Pollen Spectra, and Sugar Profiles

“…The moisture content of all analyzed honey samples was below the maximum limit (20%) fixed by the Codex Alimentarius, in which values ranged from 14.2 to 19.4%, indicating the maturity of all harvested samples. The obtained values are in agreement with those reported by ElSohaimy and coworkers, who analyzed honey collected from different middle eastern areas, in which Saudi Arabian ( n = 65), Egyptian ( n = 66), Yemeni ( n = 63), Emirati ( n = 72), and Iraqi ( n = 53) honeys showed water content values of 14.6, 14.96, 16.1, 16.26, and 17.06%, respectively [ 34 ].…”

Sidr Honeys Physical and Chemical Characterization, a Comprehensive Approach through LC-MS/MS, NMR, and GC-MS Analysis

“…In favor for our findings, earlier studies have suggested that the higher the EC value, the greater the mineral and acid contents [18,54,57]. EC value is determined for various samples from different regions where the EC value ranges from 0.4 to 1.18 mS/cm [18,26].…”

“…According to geographical variation, Roshan et al reported that the pH values of various samples of Sidr honey range from 4.8 to 6.96 [18]. Hegazi et al studied 794 samples of Sidr honey that were imported into the Saudi market from 12 different countries, and found variation of pH values of 3.6 (Egypt), 5.4 (Saudi Arabia), and 7.4 (Yemen) [26]. The pH of the Saudi Arabian Ziziphus honey on the other hand was 6.14 [58].…”

“…Sidr honey is a type of monofloral honey from the Ziziphus species, gaining popularity after Manuka honey [25]. Sidr, also known as Jujuba, grows mostly in the desert areas of Pakistan, Libya, Saud Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen [26][27][28][29]. Because of its scarcity and high price, Sidr honey is frequently adulterated [30].…”

In Vitro Antiproliferative Apoptosis Induction and Cell Cycle Arrest Potential of Saudi Sidr Honey against Colorectal Cancer

“…It has potent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it effective in treating a range of health conditions. These include digestive issues, respiratory issues, wound healing, skin conditions, immune system support, and sexual health [29,43,44]. However, the therapeutic potential of Sidr honey may vary depending on factors such as the geographic location and environmental conditions in which the tree is grown [45].…”