Characterization of silicon photomultipliers for new high-energy space telescopes

Lacombe, K.; Knödlseder, J.; Houret, B.; Gimenez, Thierry; Olive, J. F.; Рамон, П.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.005

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…A large increase of the dark current observed in SensL J-series SiPMs after proton irradiation with 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence ranging from 1.27 × 10 8 n eq /cm 2 to 1.23 × 10 10 n eq /cm 2 is similar to the results obtained in other studies with different SiPM types [8,9,11,12,14,15], although it is difficult to The reduction of the SiPM dark current by a factor of three observed 86 days after the irradiation suggests significant recovery from the proton induced radiation damage at room temperature. A similar self-annealing effect has been reported for early generations of SensL 1 and Hamamatsu 2 SiPMs irradiated with neutrons to 3.7 × 10 9 n eq /cm 2 [9].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In contrast, SiPMs are known to receive damage from proton radiation and their radiation tolerance is of major concern for space applications. SiPM radiation damage has been the subject of many recent studies [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15], particularly in the context of future high energy physics experiments. However, none of the studies provide sufficient information on the radiation tolerance of the J-series SiPMs, the latest generation of SensL SiPMs which will be used in the GMOD detector and are being considered for other gamma-ray astronomy missions (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation damage study of SensL J-series silicon photomultipliers using 101.4 MeV protons

Ulyanov

Murphy

Mangan

et al. 2020

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Radiation damage of J-series silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) has been studied in the context of using these photodetectors in future space-borne scintillation detectors. Several SiPM samples were exposed to 101.4 MeV protons, with 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence ranging from 1.27 × 10 8 n eq /cm 2 to 1.23 × 10 10 n eq /cm 2. After the irradiation, the SiPMs experienced a large increase in the dark current and noise, which may pose problems for long-running space missions in terms of power consumption, thermal control and detection of low-energy events. Measurements performed with a CeBr3 scintillator crystal showed that after exposure to 1.23 × 10 10 n eq /cm 2 and following room-temperature annealing, the dark noise of a single 6 mm square SiPM at room temperature increased from 0.1 keV to 2 keV. Because of the large SiPM noise, the gamma-ray detection threshold increased to approximately 20 keV for a CeBr3 detector using a 4-SiPM array and 40 keV for a detector using a 16-SiPM array. Only a small effect of the proton irradiation on the average detector signal was observed, suggesting no or little change to the SiPM gain and photon detection efficiency.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation damage study of SensL J-series silicon photomultipliers using 101.4 MeV protons

Ulyanov

Murphy

Mangan

et al. 2020

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…A number of new gamma-ray scintillation materials look promising and have been proposed for space missions [1] [2] [3] [4], while silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout technologies are also quickly replacing traditional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in instrument concepts [5] [6] [7]. The goal of the Strontium Iodide Radiation Instrument (SIRI) mission is to study the performance of new SiPM technology and a new scintillation material, europium-doped strontium iodide (SrI 2 :Eu), for space-based gamma-ray spectrometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strontium Iodide Radiation Instrument (SIRI) – Early On-Orbit Results

Mitchell

Phlips

Grove

et al. 2019

2019 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC)

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The Strontium Iodide Radiation Instrument (SIRI) is a single detector, gamma-ray spectrometer designed to space-qualify the new scintillation detector material europiumdoped strontium iodide (SrI 2 :Eu) and new silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology. SIRI covers the energy range from .04 -8 MeV and was launched into 600 km sunsynchronous orbit on Dec 3, 2018 onboard STPSat-5 with a one-year mission to investigate the detector's response to onorbit background radiation. The detector has an active volume of 11.6 cm 3 and a photo fraction efficiency of 50% at 662 keV for gamma-rays parallel to the long axis of the crystal. Its spectroscopic resolution of 4.3% was measured by the fullwidth-half-maximum of the characteristic Cs-137 gamma-ray line at 662 keV. Measured background rates external to the trapped particle regions are 40-50 counts per second for energies greater than 40 keV and are largely the result of short-and long-term activation products generated by transits of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and the continual cosmic-ray bombardment. Rate maps determined from energy cuts of the collected spectral data show the expected contributions from the various trapped particle regions. Early spectra acquired by the instrument show the presence of at least 10 characteristic gamma-ray lines and a beta continuum generated by activation products within the detector and surrounding materials. As of April 2019, the instrument has acquired over 1000 hours of data and is expected to continue operations until the space vehicle is decommissioned in Dec. 2019. Results indicate SrI 2 :Eu provides a feasible alternative to traditional sodium iodide and cesium iodide scintillators, especially for missions where a factor-of-two improvement in energy resolution would represent a significant difference in scientific return. To the best of our knowledge, SIRI is the first on-orbit use of SrI 2 :Eu scintillator with SiPM readouts.

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Design of 4π Directional Radiation Detector based on Compton Scattering Effect

et al. 2021

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Obtaining directional information is required in many applications such as nuclear homeland security, contamination mapping after a nuclear incident and radiological events, or during the decontamination work. However, many directional radiation detectors are based on directional shielding, made of lead or tungsten collimators, introducing two main drawbacks. The first is the size and weight, making those detectors too heavy and irrelevant for utilization in handheld devices, drone mapping, or space applications. The second drawback is the limited field of view, which requires multiple detectors to cover the whole required field of view or machinery to rotate the narrow field of view detector. We propose a novel 4π directional detector based on a segmented hollow cubic detector, which uses the Compton effect interactions with no heavy collimators. The symmetrical cubical design provides both higher efficiency and 4π detection ability. Instead of traditional two types of detectors (scatterer and absorber) structure, we use the same type of detector, based on GAGG(Ce) scintillator coupled to silicon photomultiplier. Additional advantage of the proposed detector obtained by locating the photon sensors inside the detector, behind the scintillators, which improves the radiation hardness required for space applications. Furthermore, such arrangement flattens the temperature variation across the detector, providing better gain stability. The main advantage of the proposed detector is the ability of 4pi radiation detection for high energy gamma-rays without the use of heavy collimators.

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Characterization of silicon photomultipliers for new high-energy space telescopes

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

Radiation damage study of SensL J-series silicon photomultipliers using 101.4 MeV protons

Radiation damage study of SensL J-series silicon photomultipliers using 101.4 MeV protons

Strontium Iodide Radiation Instrument (SIRI) – Early On-Orbit Results

Design of 4π Directional Radiation Detector based on Compton Scattering Effect

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